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      New Genes in Drosophila Quickly Become Essential

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      Author(s): , , *
      Publication date PMC-release:
      Journal: Science (New York, N.Y.)

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          Abstract

          To investigate the origin and evolution of essential genes, we identified and phenotyped 195 young protein-coding genes, which originated 3 to 35 million years ago in Drosophila. Knocking down expression with RNA interference showed that 30% of newly arisen genes are essential for viability. The proportion of genes that are essential is similar in every evolutionary age group that we examined. Under constitutive silencing of these young essential genes, lethality was high in the pupal stage and also found in the larval stages. Lethality was attributed to diverse cellular and developmental defects, such as organ formation and patterning defects. These data suggest that new genes frequently and rapidly evolve essential functions and participate in development.

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          Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny.

          Andrew G Clark, Michael B Eisen, Douglas R Smith … (2007)
          Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species.
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            The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old.

            Manyuan Long, Esther Betrán, Kevin H. Thornton … (2003)
            Genome data have revealed great variation in the numbers of genes in different organisms, which indicates that there is a fundamental process of genome evolution: the origin of new genes. However, there has been little opportunity to explore how genes with new functions originate and evolve. The study of ancient genes has highlighted the antiquity and general importance of some mechanisms of gene origination, and recent observations of young genes at early stages in their evolution have unveiled unexpected molecular and evolutionary processes.
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              RNA-based gene duplication: mechanistic and evolutionary insights.

              Henrik Kaessmann, Nicolas Vinckenbosch, Manyuan Long (2009)
              Gene copies that stem from the mRNAs of parental source genes have long been viewed as evolutionary dead-ends with little biological relevance. Here we review a range of recent studies that have unveiled a significant number of functional retroposed gene copies in both mammalian and some non-mammalian genomes. These studies have not only revealed previously unknown mechanisms for the emergence of new genes and their functions but have also provided fascinating general insights into molecular and evolutionary processes that have shaped genomes. For example, analyses of chromosomal gene movement patterns via RNA-based gene duplication have shed fresh light on the evolutionary origin and biology of our sex chromosomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 0404511
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 7473
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Science
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Science
                Title: Science (New York, N.Y.)
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 5 May 2020
                Publication date (Print): 17 December 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 May 2020
                Volume: 330
                Issue: 6011
                Pages: 1682-1685
                Affiliations
                Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]To whom correspondence should be addressed. mlong@ 123456uchicago.edu
                Article
                Accession ID: PMC7211344 Pmcid ID: PMC7211344 Pmc-uid ID: 7211344 Manuscript ID: nihpa1590447
                DOI: 10.1126/science.1196380
                PMC ID: 7211344
                PubMed ID: 21164016
                SO-VID: 27c132d6-76ce-4fba-8349-c77f1e2e0bd4
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