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      Obstetric Outcomes of an Afro-Caribbean Cohort Following Universal Screening and Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism Translated title: Resultados Obstétricos de una Cohorte Afro-Caribeña Luego del Tamizaje Universal y el Tratamiento del Hipotiroidismo Subclínico

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: Restoration of euthyroidism with l-thyroxine reportedly reduces obstetric complications associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). The objective was to determine if obstetric outcomes of treated subjects were equivalent to euthyroid subjects. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Subjects were considered euthyroid if serum thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) was 0.4–3 mIU/L and free thyroxine (FT4) 10.29–17.05 pmol/L with negative thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed if FT4 was 10.29–24.45 pmol/L and TSH 2.5–3 mU/L with positive TPOAb, or TSH > 3.0 mU/L regardless of antibody status. Subclinical hypothyroidism subjects were treated with l-thyroxine until TSH < 2.5 mIU/L. Data were analysed with Stata (StataCorp, USA). Results: Seven hundred and sixty-nine singleton pregnancies were screened; 96% at 14 weeks gestation. Five hundred and eleven (66%) were euthyroid by study definition. Prevalence of SCH was 1.9% (15/769); 26% (4/15) were TPOAb positive. Eighty-one per cent were treated according to protocol; compliance was 54%. Mean gestational age (GA) at first endocrinologist visit was 22.7 ± 2.7 weeks. Normal TSH was documented in 36% at GA 33 ± 2.94 weeks. Subjects with SCH had significantly greater pre-existing history of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm labour, Caesarean sections for non-reassuring fetal heart rate and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Conclusion: L-thyroxine appeared to reduce obstetric complications. However, prevalence of SCH was low and compliance was < 50%.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Según los reportes, la restauración del eutiroidismo con l-tiroxina reduce las complicaciones obstétricas asociadas con el hipotiroidismo subclínico (SCH). El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si los resultados obstétricos de los sujetos tratados eran equivalentes a los de los sujetos eutiroideos. Métodos: Se trató de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Los sujetos eran considerados eutiroideos si la hormona estimulante de la tiroide (HET) en suero era 0.4–3 mIU/L, y la tiroxina libre (FT4) 10.29–17.05 pmol/L con anticuerpos antiperoxidasa tiroidea (TPO-Ab) negativos. El hipotiroidismo subclínico era diagnosticado si FT4 era 10.29–24.45 pmol/L y TSH 2.5–3 mU/L con TPOAb positivo, ó TSH > 3.0 mU/L, independientemente del estado del anticuerpo. Los sujetos con SCH fueron tratados con l-tiroxina hasta que TSH < 2.5 mIU/L. Los datos fueron analizados con Stata (StataCorp, USA). Resultados: Se tamizaron setecientos sesenta y nueve embarazos simples; 96% en 14 semanas de gestación. Quinientos once (66%) fueron eutiroides por definición de estudio. La prevalencia de SCH fue 1.9% (15/769); 26% (4/15) fueron TPOAb positivos. El 81 por ciento fueron tratados de acuerdo con el protocolo; el cumplimiento fue del 54%. La media de edad gestacional (EG) en la primera visita del endocrinólogo fue 22.7 ± 2.7 semanas. La TSH normal fue documentada en 36% en EG 33 ± 2.94 semanas. Los sujetos con SCH tenían una historia previa significativamente mayor de ruptura prematura de membranas pretérmino (RPMP) y trabajo de parto prematuro, cesáreas por frecuencia cardíaca fetal desalentadora y enterocolitis neonatal necrotizante. Conclusión: La L-tiroxina parece reducir las complicaciones obstétricas. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de SCH fue baja y el cumplimiento < 50%.

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          Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management.

          Patients with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels outside the reference range and levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (T3) within the reference range are common in clinical practice. The necessity for further evaluation, possible treatment, and the urgency of treatment have not been clearly established. To define subclinical thyroid disease, review its epidemiology, recommend an appropriate evaluation, explore the risks and benefits of treatment and consequences of nontreatment, and determine whether population-based screening is warranted. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Guideline Clearing House, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Controlled Trials Register, and several National Health Services (UK) databases were searched for articles on subclinical thyroid disease published between 1995 and 2002. Articles published before 1995 were recommended by expert consultants. A total of 195 English-language or translated papers were reviewed. Editorials, individual case studies, studies enrolling fewer than 10 patients, and nonsystematic reviews were excluded. Information related to authorship, year of publication, number of subjects, study design, and results were extracted and formed the basis for an evidence report, consisting of tables and summaries of each subject area. The strength of the evidence that untreated subclinical thyroid disease is associated with clinical symptoms and adverse clinical outcomes was assessed and recommendations for clinical practice developed. Data relating the progression of subclinical to overt hypothyroidism were rated as good, but data relating treatment to prevention of progression were inadequate to determine a treatment benefit. Data relating a serum TSH level higher than 10 mIU/L to elevations in serum cholesterol were rated as fair but data relating to benefits of treatment were rated as insufficient. All other associations of symptoms and benefit of treatment were rated as insufficient or absent. Data relating a serum TSH concentration lower than 0.1 mIU/L to the presence of atrial fibrillation and progression to overt hyperthyroidism were rated as good, but no data supported treatment to prevent these outcomes. Data relating restoration of the TSH level to within the reference range with improvements in bone mineral density were rated as fair. Data addressing all other associations of subclinical hyperthyroid disease and adverse clinical outcomes or treatment benefits were rated as insufficient or absent. Subclinical hypothyroid disease in pregnancy is a special case and aggressive case finding and treatment in pregnant women can be justified. Data supporting associations of subclinical thyroid disease with symptoms or adverse clinical outcomes or benefits of treatment are few. The consequences of subclinical thyroid disease (serum TSH 0.1-0.45 mIU/L or 4.5-10.0 mIU/L) are minimal and we recommend against routine treatment of patients with TSH levels in these ranges. There is insufficient evidence to support population-based screening. Aggressive case finding is appropriate in pregnant women, women older than 60 years, and others at high risk for thyroid dysfunction.
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            Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

            The aim was to update the guidelines for the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum published previously in 2007. A summary of changes between the 2007 and 2012 version is identified in the Supplemental Data (published on The Endocrine Society's Journals Online web site at http://jcem.endojournals.org). This evidence-based guideline was developed according to the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force, grading items level A, B, C, D, or I, on the basis of the strength of evidence and magnitude of net benefit (benefits minus harms) as well as the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The guideline was developed through a series of e-mails, conference calls, and one face-to-face meeting. An initial draft was prepared by the Task Force, with the help of a medical writer, and reviewed and commented on by members of The Endocrine Society, Asia and Oceania Thyroid Association, and the Latin American Thyroid Society. A second draft was reviewed and approved by The Endocrine Society Council. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated substantive changes. Practice guidelines are presented for diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyroid-related medical issues just before and during pregnancy and in the postpartum interval. These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of the condition, treating it, and managing hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, gestational hyperthyroidism, thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid tumors, iodine nutrition, postpartum thyroiditis, and screening for thyroid disease. Indications and side effects of therapeutic agents used in treatment are also presented.
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              Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes.

              Clinical thyroid dysfunction has been associated with pregnancy complications such as hypertension, preterm birth, low birth weight, placental abruption, and fetal death. The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes has not been well studied. We undertook this prospective thyroid screening study to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in women with elevated thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) and normal free thyroxine levels. All women who presented to Parkland Hospital for prenatal care between November 1, 2000, and April 14, 2003, had thyroid screening using a chemiluminescent TSH assay. Women with TSH values at or above the 97.5th percentile for gestational age at screening and with free thyroxine more than 0.680 ng/dL were retrospectively identified with subclinical hypothyroidism. Pregnancy outcomes were compared with those in pregnant women with normal TSH values between the 5th and 95th percentiles. A total of 25,756 women underwent thyroid screening and were delivered of a singleton infant. There were 17,298 (67%) women enrolled for prenatal care at 20 weeks of gestation or less, and 404 (2.3%) of these were considered to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Pregnancies in women with subclinical hypothyroidism were 3 times more likely to be complicated by placental abruption (relative risk 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.1-8.2). Preterm birth, defined as delivery at or before 34 weeks of gestation, was almost 2-fold higher in women with subclinical hypothyroidism (relative risk, 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.9). We speculate that the previously reported reduction in intelligence quotient of offspring of women with subclinical hypothyroidism may be related to the effects of prematurity. II-2.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                wimj
                West Indian Medical Journal
                West Indian med. j.
                The University of the West Indies (Mona, , Jamaica )
                0043-3144
                2309-5830
                2016
                : 65
                : 1
                : 78-82
                Affiliations
                [4] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Department of Medicine Jamaica
                [1] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Jamaica
                [5] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Tropical Medicine Research Institute Jamaica
                [2] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Department of Chemical Pathology Jamaica
                [3] Kingston 7 orgnameThe University of the West Indies orgdiv1Department of Microbiology Jamaica
                Article
                S0043-31442016000100078 S0043-3144(16)06500100078
                10.7727/wimj.2014.275
                282a8b04-4157-4355-9b11-bb24c03d38fa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO West Indians

                Categories
                Original Articles

                subclinical,Hypothyroidism,obstetric outcomes,Hipotiroidismo,resultados obstétricos,subclínico

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