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      Innovative Sunscreen Formulation Based on Benzophenone-3-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Polymeric Nanocapsules

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          Abstract

          Aim: To evaluate the effect of cationic coating of polymeric nanocapsules in sunscreen formulations on the in vitro skin penetration of benzophenone-3. Methods: Benzophenone-3-loaded nanocapsules were prepared by the interfacial deposition of poly(Ε-caprolactone) and coated by using a chitosan solution. The nanoparticles were characterized and incorporated in hydrogels. The presence of nanoparticles in hydroxyethyl cellulose gels was observed by transmission electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Penetration studies were carried out using Franz cells with porcine skin membranes. Results: Benzophenone-3-loaded chitosan-coated nanocapsules presented a mean size of 202 ± 7 nm and positive zeta potential (+21 ± 1 mV), while these values for the uncoated nanocapsules were 175 ± 1 nm and –8 ± 1 mV. Penetration profiles showed that a higher amount of benzophenone-3 remained at the skin surface and a lower amount was found in the receptor compartment after the application of the formulation containing chitosan-coated nanocapsules compared to a formulation containing its free form. Conclusions: Hydrogel containing benzophenone-3 chitosan-coated nanocapsules represents an innovative formulation to overcome limitations of sunscreen daily use.

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          The pH of the Skin Surface and Its Impact on the Barrier Function

          M-H Schmid-Wendtner, H.C. Korting (2006)
          The ‘acid mantle’ of the stratum corneum seems to be important for both permeability barrier formation and cutaneous antimicrobial defense. However, the origin of the acidic pH, measurable on the skin surface, remains conjectural. Passive and active influencing factors have been proposed, e.g. eccrine and sebaceous secretions as well as proton pumps. In recent years, numerous investigations have been published focusing on the changes in the pH of the deeper layers of the stratum corneum, as well as on the influence of physiological and pathological factors. The pH of the skin follows a sharp gradient across the stratum corneum, which is suspected to be important in controlling enzymatic activities and skin renewal. The skin pH is affected by a great number of endogenous factors, e.g. skin moisture, sweat, sebum, anatomic site, genetic predisposition and age. In addition, exogenous factors like detergents, application of cosmetic products, occlusive dressings as well as topical antibiotics may influence the skin pH. Changes in the pH are reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases like irritant contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, acne vulgaris and Candida albicans infections. Therefore, the use of skin cleansing agents, especially synthetic detergents with a pH of about 5.5, may be of relevance in the prevention and treatment of those skin diseases.
          Article 0 comments Cited 197 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Skin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles.

            Anuja Naik, R. Román, H. Fessi … (2004)
            Encapsulation using nanoparticulate systems is an increasingly implemented strategy in drug targeting and delivery. Such systems have also been proposed for topical administration to enhance percutaneous transport into and across the skin barrier. However, the mechanism by which such particulate formulations facilitate skin transport remains ambiguous. In this study, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to visualize the distribution of non-biodegradable, fluorescent, polystyrene nanoparticles (diameters 20 and 200 nm) across porcine skin. The surface images revealed that (i) polystyrene nanoparticles accumulated preferentially in the follicular openings, (ii) this distribution increased in a time-dependent manner, and (iii) the follicular localization was favoured by the smaller particle size. Apart from follicular uptake, localization of nanoparticles in skin "furrows" was apparent from the surface images. However, cross-sectional images revealed that these non-follicular structures did not offer an alternative penetration pathway for the polymer vectors, whose transport was clearly impeded by the stratum corneum.
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              Human Skin Penetration of Sunscreen Nanoparticles: In-vitro Assessment of a Novel Micronized Zinc Oxide Formulation

              Sheree Cross, Brian Innes, Michael Andrew Roberts … (2007)
              The extent to which topically applied solid nanoparticles can penetrate the stratum corneum and access the underlying viable epidermis and the rest of the body is a great potential safety concern. Therefore, human epidermal penetration of a novel, transparent, nanoparticulate zinc oxide sunscreen formulation was determined using Franz-type diffusion cells, 24-hour exposure and an electron microscopy to verify the location of nanoparticles in exposed membranes. Less than 0.03% of the applied zinc content penetrated the epidermis (not significantly more than the zinc detected in receptor phase following application of a placebo formulation). No particles could be detected in the lower stratum corneum or viable epidermis by electron microscopy, suggesting that minimal nanoparticle penetration occurs through the human epidermis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SPP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skin Pharmacol Physiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1660-5527
                Title: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1660-5527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-5535
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2011
                Publication date (Print): March 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 January 2011
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 166-174
                Affiliations
                aPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas e bDepartamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
                Author notes
                *Prof. Silvia S. Guterres, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752/404, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 (Brazil), Tel. +55 51 3308 5500, Fax +55 51 3308 5247, E-Mail silvia.guterres@ufrgs.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: 323273 Other ID: Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011;24:166–174
                DOI: 10.1159/000323273
                PubMed ID: 21273804
                SO-VID: 2940fe29-0b49-49d9-a876-5694814eb4b3
                Copyright © © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 13 July 2010
                Date accepted : 25 November 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Benzophenone-3,Chitosan,Skin permeation/penetration,Nanocapsules,Cationic coating,Hydrogel,Sunscreen
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Benzophenone-3, Chitosan, Skin permeation/penetration, Nanocapsules, Cationic coating, Hydrogel, Sunscreen

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