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      Estrutura genética populacional de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) em fragmentos florestais no Pontal do Paranapanema, SP, Brasil Translated title: Population genetic structure of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) in forest fragments in " Pontal do Paranapanema" , SP, Brazil

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          Abstract

          O Pontal do Paranapanema é a região mais recentemente desflorestada do Estado de São Paulo. Os efeitos da fragmentação florestal na estrutura genética de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. foram avaliados por meio da genotipagem, com seis locos microssatélites, de pelo menos 30 indivíduos regenerantes e 30 adultos em três áreas do Pontal do Paranapanema. A amostragem compreendeu dois fragmentos localizados em assentamentos rurais, Tucano (800 ha) e Madre Cristina (300 ha); e uma população localizada em floresta contínua, no Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo (35.000 ha). Níveis elevados de diversidade genética foram detectados tanto nos regenerantes como nos adultos. A diversidade gênica (He) variou de 0,718 a 0,835 e o número médio de alelos por loco (Â) variou de 8,67 a 11,83, mostrando que a fragmentação ainda não causou perda de alelos. As estimativas elevadas dos índices de fixação (0,183 a 0,387) foram conseqüentes da ocorrência de alelos nulos em alguns locos e de endogamia nas populações. A divergência genética foi pequena entre os adultos (R ST = 0,035), mas aumentou entre os regenerantes (R ST = 0,075). Como esperado, a fragmentação florestal está causando redução do fluxo gênico interpopulacional, especialmente em relação ao fragmento mais distante da floresta contínua (Tucano - cerca de 8 km). Uma alternativa para promover o fluxo gênico entre os remanescentes florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema seria o estabelecimento de sistemas agroflorestais pelos agricultores assentados, os quais atuariam como trampolins ecológicos, favorecendo a dispersão de pólen e sementes entre fragmentos.

          Translated abstract

          The " Pontal do Paranapanema" is the most recently deforested region of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The effects of forest fragmentation on the population genetic structure of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. were evaluated by genotyping with six microsatellite loci at least 30 adult and 30 sapling individuals of three populations in " Pontal do Paranapanema" . The sampling areas comprised two fragments located in the rural settlements Tucano (800 ha) and Madre Cristina (300 ha); and one population located in a continuous forest, the " Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo" (35,000 ha). High levels of genetic diversity were detected in saplings and adults, gene diversity (He) ranged from 0.718 to 0.835 and average number of alleles per locus (Â) ranged from 8.67 to 11.83, showing that the fragmentation has not caused loss of alleles yet. The high estimated fixation indexes (from 0.183 to 0.387) are due to null alleles in some loci and the occurrence of inbreeding within populations. Genetic divergence was low among adults (R ST = 0.035) but increased among saplings (R ST = 0.075). As expected, forest fragmentation has caused a decrease in gene flow among the populations, especially between the most distant fragment (Tucano - about 8 km from the " Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo" ). An alternative to promote gene flow among forest fragments of " Pontal do Paranapanema" would be the settle of agroforests, which would act as stepping-stones, favouring pollen and seed dispersion among fragments.

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          Most cited references39

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          The magnitudes of the systematic biases involved in sample heterozygosity and sample genetic distances are evaluated, and formulae for obtaining unbiased estimates of average heterozygosity and genetic distance are developed. It is also shown that the number of individuals to be used for estimating average heterozygosity can be very small if a large number of loci are studied and the average heterozygosity is low. The number of individuals to be used for estimating genetic distance can also be very small if the genetic distance is large and the average heterozygosity of the two species compared is low.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbb
                Brazilian Journal of Botany
                Braz. J. Bot.
                Sociedade Botânica de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1806-9959
                March 2008
                : 31
                : 1
                : 61-69
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Brasil
                Article
                S0100-84042008000100007
                10.1590/S0100-84042008000100007
                2a3d1daf-2d18-43eb-9e5f-9da0dbb4a6fe

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-8404&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                Atlantic forest,forest fragmentation,gene flow,genetic diversity,microsatellites,diversidade genética,Floresta Atlântica,fluxo gênico,fragmentação florestal,microssatélites

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