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      Hiperlactatemia à admissão na UTI é um determinante de morbimortalidade em intervenções cirúrgicas não cardíacas de alto risco Translated title: Hyperlactatemia at ICU admission is a morbid-mortality determinant in high risk non-cardiac surgeries

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Um dos maiores desafios dos médicos intensivistas é o controle da hipoperfusão tecidual, sendo o lactato sérico classicamente aceito como indicador de hipóxia tecidual. Deste modo, estudos demonstraram boa correlação entre o lactato e o prognóstico no choque e durante a reanimação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade clínica do lactato arterial à admissão na UTI como indicador de morbimortalidade em pacientes críticos no pós-operatório de intervenções cirúrgicas não cardíacas de alto risco. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional, realizado em UTI de hospital terciário no período de 4 meses. Foram coletados dados demográficos, lactato arterial e complicações no pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à intervenções cirúrgicas de grande porte. Para análise estatística foi considerado significativo p < 0,05. A habilidade preditiva dos índices em diferenciar sobreviventes e não sobreviventes foi verificada utilizando curvas ROC. Estimativas de permanência na UTI foram calculadas utilizando o método de Kaplan Méier. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 202 pacientes, sendo 50,2% do sexo feminino, com média da idade de 66,5 ± 13,6 anos, APACHE II 17,4 ± 3,0, mediana do MODS 4 (2-6). A duração mediana das intervenções foram 4h (3 a 6h), 70,7% de cirurgias eletivas, a mortalidade na UTI e hospitalar foram 15,6% e 33,7%, respectivamente. O melhor valor de lactato que discriminou mortalidade foi 3,2 mmol/L, sensibilidade de 62,5% e especificidade de 78,8%, área sob a curva de 0,7. Não sobreviveram 62,5% dos pacientes com lactato > 3,2 versus 21,2% de sobreviventes (OR = 2,95 IC95% 1,98 - 4,38, p < 0,0001). O tempo de permanência na UTI foi mais elevado quando lactato > 3,2 mmol/L (log rank 0,007). CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes cirúrgicos não cardíacos de alto risco admitidos na UTI com hiperlactatemia, definida com lactato >3,2 mmol/L, apresentaram risco aumentado de morte e permanência prolongada na UTI.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the greatest challenges found by the intensivists in their daily activities is tissue hipoperfusion control. Blood lactate is generally accepted as a marker of tissular hypoxia and several studies have demonstrated good correlation between blood lactate and prognosis during shock and resuscitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of arterial blood lactate as a marker of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients in the post-operative period of high risk non-cardiac surgeries. METHODS: Prospective and observational cohort study realized in an ICU of a tertiary hospital during a four month period. Demographic data of the patients submitted to high risk surgeries were collected, besides arterial lactate measures and number and type of complications in the post-operative period. To the statistic analysis was considered as significant a p < 0.05. The predictive ability of the indexes to differentiate survivors from non-survivors was tested using ROC curves. Lenght of ICU stay estimation where calculated by Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS: Were included 202 patients. 50.2% were female and their mean age was 66.5 ± 13.6 years. APACHE II score was 17.4 ± 3.0 and the median of MODS score was 4 (2-6). Median lenght of surgeries was 4h (3-6h). 70.7% of the surgeries were elective ones. ICU and hospital mortality were 15.6% and 33.7%, respectively. The best lactate value to discriminate mortality was 3.2 mmol/L, with sensitivity of 62.5%, specificity of 78.8% and an area under the curve of 0.7. 62.5% of patients with lactate > 3.2 did not survive versus 21.2% of survivors (OR = 2.95 IC95% 1.98- 4.38, p < 0.0001). ICU lenght of stay was greater when > 3.2 mmol/L (log rank 0.007) lactate. CONCLUSIONS: High risk patients submitted to non cardiac surgeries and admitted to the ICU with hiperlactatemia, defined as an arterial lactate > 3.2 mmol/L, are prone to a longer ICU lenght of stay and to die.

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          The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults.

          The objective of this study was to refine the APACHE (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation) methodology in order to more accurately predict hospital mortality risk for critically ill hospitalized adults. We prospectively collected data on 17,440 unselected adult medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admissions at 40 US hospitals (14 volunteer tertiary-care institutions and 26 hospitals randomly chosen to represent intensive care services nationwide). We analyzed the relationship between the patient's likelihood of surviving to hospital discharge and the following predictive variables: major medical and surgical disease categories, acute physiologic abnormalities, age, preexisting functional limitations, major comorbidities, and treatment location immediately prior to ICU admission. The APACHE III prognostic system consists of two options: (1) an APACHE III score, which can provide initial risk stratification for severely ill hospitalized patients within independently defined patient groups; and (2) an APACHE III predictive equation, which uses APACHE III score and reference data on major disease categories and treatment location immediately prior to ICU admission to provide risk estimates for hospital mortality for individual ICU patients. A five-point increase in APACHE III score (range, 0 to 299) is independently associated with a statistically significant increase in the relative risk of hospital death (odds ratio, 1.10 to 1.78) within each of 78 major medical and surgical disease categories. The overall predictive accuracy of the first-day APACHE III equation was such that, within 24 h of ICU admission, 95 percent of ICU admissions could be given a risk estimate for hospital death that was within 3 percent of that actually observed (r2 = 0.41; receiver operating characteristic = 0.90). Recording changes in the APACHE III score on each subsequent day of ICU therapy provided daily updates in these risk estimates. When applied across the individual ICUs, the first-day APACHE III equation accounted for the majority of variation in observed death rates (r2 = 0.90, p less than 0.0001).
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            Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome.

            To develop an objective scale to measure the severity of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome as an outcome in critical illness. Systematic literature review; prospective cohort study. Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary-level teaching hospital. All patients (n = 692) admitted for > 24 hrs between May 1988 and March 1990. None. Computerized database review of MEDLINE identified clinical studies of multiple organ failure that were published between 1969 and 1993. Variables from these studies were evaluated for construct and content validity to identify optimal descriptors of organ dysfunction. Clinical and laboratory data were collected daily to evaluate the performance of these variables individually and in aggregate as an organ dysfunction score. Seven systems defined the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in more than half of the 30 published reports reviewed. Descriptors meeting criteria for construct and content validity could be identified for five of these seven systems: a) the respiratory system (Po2/FIO2 ratio); b) the renal system (serum creatinine concentration); c) the hepatic system (serum bilirubin concentration); d) the hematologic system (platelet count); and e) the central nervous system (Glasgow Coma Scale). In the absence of an adequate descriptor of cardiovascular dysfunction, we developed a new variable, the pressure-adjusted heart rate, which is calculated as the product of the heart rate and the ratio of central venous pressure to mean arterial pressure. These candidate descriptors of organ dysfunction were then evaluated for criterion validity (ICU mortality rate) using the clinical database. From the first half of the database (the development set), intervals for the most abnormal value of each variable were constructed on a scale from 0 to 4 so that a value of 0 represented essentially normal function and was associated with an ICU mortality rate of or = 50%. These intervals were then tested on the second half of the data set (the validation set). Maximal scores for each variable were summed to yield a Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (maximum of 24). This score correlated in a graded fashion with the ICU mortality rate, both when applied on the first day of ICU admission as a prognostic indicator and when calculated over the ICU stay as an outcome measure. For the latter, ICU mortality was approximately 25% at 9 to 12 points, 50% at 13 to 16 points, 75% at 17 to 20 points, and 100% at levels of > 20 points. The score showed excellent discrimination, as reflected in areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.936 in the development set and 0.928 in the validation set. The incremental increase in scores over the course of the ICU stay (calculated as the difference between maximal scores and those scores obtained on the first day [i.e., the delta Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score]) also demonstrated a strong correlation with the ICU mortality rate. In a logistic regression model, this incremental increase in scores accounted for more of the explanatory power than admission severity indices. This multiple organ dysfunction score, constructed using simple physiologic measures of dysfunction in six organ systems, mirrors organ dysfunction as the intensivist sees it and correlates strongly with the ultimate risk of ICU mortality and hospital mortality. The variable, delta Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score, reflects organ dysfunction developing during the ICU stay, which therefore is potentially amenable to therapeutic manipulation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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              APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system.

              Investigations describing the utilization pattern and documenting the value of intensive care are limited by the lack of a reliable and valid classification system. In this paper, the authors describe the development and initial validation of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE), a physiologically based classification system for measuring severity of illness in groups of critically ill patients. APACHE uses information available in the medical record. In studies on 582 admissions to a university hospital ICU and 223 admissions to a community hospital ICU, APACHE was reliable in classifying ICU admissions. In validation studies involving these 805 admissions, the acute physiology score of APACHE demonstrated consistent agreement with subsequent therapeutic effort and mortality. This was true for a broad range of patient groups using a variety of sensitivity analyses. After successful completion of multi-institutional validation studies, the APACHE classification system could be used to control for case mix, compare outcomes, evaluate new therapies, and study the utilization of ICUs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Rev. bras. ter. intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                December 2006
                : 18
                : 4
                : 360-365
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital do Servidor Público Estadual orgdiv1Serviço de Terapia Intensiva
                Article
                S0103-507X2006000400007 S0103-507X(06)01800407
                2d06a4c5-cf77-4f87-a851-376b647b8e7b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 November 2006
                : 11 July 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                surgical patients,lactato,morbidade,mortalidade,pacientes cirúrgicos,lactate,morbidity,mortality

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