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      Cauliflower Mosaic Virus TAV, a Plant Virus Protein That Functions like Ribonuclease H1 and is Cytotoxic to Glioma Cells

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          Abstract

          Recent comparisons between plant and animal viruses reveal many common principles that underlie how all viruses express their genetic material, amplify their genomes, and link virion assembly with replication. Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is not infectious for human beings. Here, we show that CaMV transactivator/viroplasmin protein (TAV) shares sequence similarity with and behaves like the human ribonuclease H1 (RNase H1) in reducing DNA/RNA hybrids detected with S9.6 antibody in HEK293T cells. We showed that TAV is clearly expressed in the cytosol and in the nuclei of transiently transfected human cells, similar to its distribution in plants. TAV also showed remarkable cytotoxic effects in U251 human glioma cells in vitro. These characteristics pave the way for future analysis on the use of the plant virus protein TAV, as an alternative to human RNAse H1 during gene therapy in human cells.

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          Scalable web services for the PSIPRED Protein Analysis Workbench

          Daniel Buchan, Federico Minneci, Tim Nugent … (2013)
          Here, we present the new UCL Bioinformatics Group’s PSIPRED Protein Analysis Workbench. The Workbench unites all of our previously available analysis methods into a single web-based framework. The new web portal provides a greatly streamlined user interface with a number of new features to allow users to better explore their results. We offer a number of additional services to enable computationally scalable execution of our prediction methods; these include SOAP and XML-RPC web server access and new HADOOP packages. All software and services are available via the UCL Bioinformatics Group website at http://bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk/.
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            Plant virus emergence and evolution: origins, new encounter scenarios, factors driving emergence, effects of changing world conditions, and prospects for control.

            Jonathan Jones (2009)
            This review focuses on virus-plant pathosystems at the interface between managed and natural vegetation, and describes how rapid expansion in human activity and climate change are likely to impact on plants, vectors and viruses causing increasing instability. It starts by considering virus invasion of cultivated plants from their wild ancestors in the centres of plant domestication in different parts of the world and subsequent long distance movement away from these centres to other continents. It then describes the diverse virus-plant pathosystem scenarios possible at the interface between managed and natural vegetation and gives examples that illustrate situations where indigenous viruses emerge to damage introduced cultivated plants and newly introduced viruses become potential threats to biodiversity. These examples demonstrate how human activities increasingly facilitate damaging new encounters between plants and viruses worldwide. The likely effects of climate change on virus emergence are emphasised, and the major factors driving virus emergence, evolution and greater epidemic severity at the interface are analysed and explained. Finally, the kinds of challenges posed by rapidly changing world conditions to achieving effective control of epidemics of emerging plant viruses, and the approaches needed to address them, are described.
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              Out of Balance: R-loops in Human Disease

              Matthias Groh, Natalia Gromak (2014)
              R-loops are cellular structures composed of an RNA/DNA hybrid, which is formed when the RNA hybridises to a complementary DNA strand and a displaced single-stranded DNA. R-loops have been detected in various organisms from bacteria to mammals and play crucial roles in regulating gene expression, DNA and histone modifications, immunoglobulin class switch recombination, DNA replication, and genome stability. Recent evidence suggests that R-loops are also involved in molecular mechanisms of neurological diseases and cancer. In addition, mutations in factors implicated in R-loop biology, such as RNase H and SETX (senataxin), lead to devastating human neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the importance of correctly regulating the level of R-loops in human cells. In this review we summarise current advances in this field, with a particular focus on diseases associated with dysregulation of R-loop structures. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches for such diseases and highlight future research directions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Valentina Turri:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-3006
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 March 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 7465242
                Affiliations
                1Healthcare Direction, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, FC, Italy
                2Institute of Human Virology (IHV), University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 21201 Baltimore, MD, USA
                3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 21201 Baltimore, MD, USA
                4Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
                5Educational and Scientific (LLC), 21201 Baltimore, MD, USA
                6Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 47122 Forlì, Italy
                7Istituto Oncologico Romagnolo (IOR), 47122 Forlì, Italy
                8Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
                9Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” for Integrated Studies of Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, Biocomputing Group, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
                10Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, FC, Italy
                11Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, FC, Italy
                12Medical Physics Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, FC, Italy
                13Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 65211 Columbia, MO, USA
                14Scientific Directorate, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, FC, Italy
                Author notes

                Guest Editor: Chen-Huan Yu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-3006
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-2289
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/7465242
                PMC ID: 7102451
                SO-VID: 2e688083-c27c-4212-bcd2-0d73af1d66c6
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Valentina Turri et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 August 2019
                Date revision received : 22 December 2019
                Date accepted : 30 January 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Paul G. Allen Family Foundation
                Award ID: 12147
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Data availability:

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