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      Clinical and Experimental Research of Corneal Lymphangiogenesis after Keratoplasty

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          Abstract

          The objective of this study is to provide further evidence that corneal lymphangiogenesis occurs after keratoplasty, and to explore the association of corneal hemangiogenesis, corneal inflammation and transplantation history with corneal lymphangiogenesis. Rat corneal lymphangiogenesis was examined by electron microscopy, lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor (LYVE-1) immunohistochemistry, and whole-mount immunofluorescence at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after corneal transplantation. Blood and lymphatic vessels in human transplanted corneas were identified by LYVE-1 and CD<sub>31</sub> immunohistochemistry, then the association between corneal blood vessel counting, inflammatory index and transplantation history with the lymphatic vessel counting was examined.The results showed that corneal lymphangiogenesis was present in all rat corneas and 26% of human transplanted corneas. Lymphatic vessel counting was significantly associated with blood vessel counting, inflammatory index and transplantation history (all p values <0.0001). We conclude that corneal lymphangiogenesis develops after keratoplasty, and is strongly associated with hemangiogenesis, inflammation and the history of transplantation.

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          PDGF-BB induces intratumoral lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis.

          Richard Jackson, B Meister, Toshio Ohhashi … (2004)
          Cancer metastases are commonly found in the lymphatic system. Like tumor blood angiogenesis, stimulation of tumor lymphangiogenesis may require the interplay of several tumor-derived growth factors. Here we report that members of the PDGF family act as lymphangiogenic factors. In vitro, PDGF-BB stimulated MAP kinase activity and cell motility of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells. In vivo, PDGF-BB potently induced growth of lymphatic vessels. Expression of PDGF-BB in murine fibrosarcoma cells induced tumor lymphangiogenesis, leading to enhanced metastasis in lymph nodes. These data demonstrate that PDGF-BB is an important growth factor contributing to lymphatic metastasis. Thus, blockage of PDGF-induced lymphangiogenesis may provide a novel approach for prevention and treatment of lymphatic metastasis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 125 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Inhibition of hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis after normal-risk corneal transplantation by neutralizing VEGF promotes graft survival.

            Claus Cursiefen, David C. Jackson, Kazuichi Maruyama … (2004)
            To evaluate the occurrence and time course of hem- and lymphangiogenesis after normal-risk corneal transplantation in the mouse model and to test whether pharmacologic strategies inhibiting both processes improve long-term graft survival. Normal-risk allogeneic (C57BL/6 to BALB/c) and syngeneic (BALB/c to BALB/c) corneal transplantations were performed and occurrence and time course of hem- and lymphangiogenesis after keratoplasty was observed, by using double immunofluorescence of corneal flatmounts (with CD31 as a panendothelial and LYVE-1 as a lymphatic vascular endothelium-specific marker). A molecular trap designed to eliminate VEGF-A (VEGF Trap(R1R2); 12.5 mg/kg) was tested for its ability to inhibit both processes after keratoplasty and to promote long-term graft survival (intraperitoneal injections on the day of surgery and 3, 7, and 14 days later). No blood or lymph vessels were detectable immediately after normal-risk transplantation in either donor or host cornea, but hem- and lymphangiogenesis were clearly visible at day 3 after transplantation. Both vessel types reached donor tissue at 1 week after allografting and similarly after syngeneic grafting. Early postoperative trapping of VEGF-A significantly reduced both hem- and lymphangiogenesis and significantly improved long-term graft survival (78% vs. 40%; P < 0.05). There is concurrent, VEGF-A-dependent hem- and lymphangiogenesis after normal-risk keratoplasty within the preoperatively avascular recipient bed. Inhibition of hem- and lymphangiogenesis (afferent and efferent arm of an immune response) after normal-risk corneal transplantation improves long-term graft survival, establishing early postoperative hem- and lymphangiogenesis as novel risk factors for graft rejection even in low-risk eyes.
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              Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 induce lymphangiogenesis in vivo.

              Tanya Johnson, David C. Jackson, Meit A Björndahl … (2005)
              Lymphangiogenesis is an important process that contributes to the spread of cancer. Here we show that insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) and 2 (IGF-2) induce lymphangiogenesis in vivo. In a mouse cornea assay, IGF-1 and IGF-2 induce lymphangiogenesis as detected with LYVE-1, a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. Interestingly, IGF-1-induced lymphangiogenesis could not be blocked by a soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3, suggesting that the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3-signaling pathway is not required for IGF-induced lymphangiogenesis. In vitro, IGF-1 and IGF-2 significantly stimulated proliferation and migration of primary lymphatic endothelial cells. IGF-1 and IGF-2 induced phosphorylation of intracellular signaling components, such as Akt, Src, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in lymphatic endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis showed that the receptors for IGFs are present in lymphatic endothelium. Together, our findings suggest that IGFs might act as direct lymphangiogenic factors, although any indirect roles in the induction of lymphangiogenesis cannot be excluded. Because members of the IGF ligand and receptor families are widely expressed in various types of solid tumors, our findings suggest that these factors are likely to contribute to lymphatic metastasis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OPH
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ophthalmologica
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0030-3755
                Title: Ophthalmologica
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 0030-3755
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0267
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2008
                Publication date (Print): September 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 July 2008
                Volume: 222
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 308-316
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children’s Hospital, and bZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou; cDepartment of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 144030 Other ID: Ophthalmologica 2008;222:308–316
                DOI: 10.1159/000144030
                PubMed ID: 18617753
                SO-VID: 2e75f528-900c-473b-9d15-5a13ccbd677b
                Copyright © © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 31 May 2007
                Date accepted : 08 June 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, References: 23, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences,Ophthalmology & Optometry,Pathology
                Keywords: Cornea,Lymphangiogenesis, rat, human,Transplantation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences, Ophthalmology & Optometry, Pathology
                Keywords: Cornea, Lymphangiogenesis, rat, human, Transplantation

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