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      NMDA receptor function, memory, and brain aging Translated title: La función del receptor NMDA, la memoria y el envejecimiento cerebral Translated title: Fonction des récepteurs du NMDA, mémoire et vieillissement cérébral

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          Abstract

          An increasing level of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction within the brain is associated with memory and learning impairments, with psychosis, and ultimately with excitotoxic brain injury. As the brain ages, the NMDA receptor system becomes progressively hypofunctional, contributing to decreases in memory and learning performance. In those individuals destined to develop Alzheimer's disease, other abnormalities (eg, amyloidopathy and oxidative stress) interact to increase the NMDA receptor hypofunction (NRHypo) burden. In these vulnerable individuals, the brain then enters into a severe and persistent NRHypo state, which can lead to widespread neurodegeneration with accompanying mental symptoms and further cognitive deterioration. If the hypotheses described herein prove correct, treatment implications may be considerable. Pharmacological methods for preventing the overstimulation of vulnerable corticolimbic pyramidal neurons developed in an animal model may be applicable to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

          Translated abstract

          La acentuación de la hipofunción del receptor N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) en el cerebro se ha asociado con deterioro en la memoria y el aprendizaje, con psicosis y, últimamente con daño exitotóxico. Así como el cerebro envejece, el sistema de receptores NMDA progresivamente se torna hipofuncional, lo que contribuye a una disminución de los rendimientos de memoria y aprendizaje. En aquellos individuos vulnerables para desarrollar la enfermedad de Alzheimer hay otras anormalidades (como amiloidopatías y el estrés oxidativo) que interactúan para aumentar la carga de la hipofunción del receptor NMDA. En estos individuos vulnerables, el cerebro entra en un severo y persistente estado de hipofunción del receptor NMDA, el cual puede conducir a una neurodegeneracíon generalizada, con síntomas mentales asociados y a un posterior deterioro cognitivo. Si se demuestra que la hipótesis descrita previamente es correcta, las implicancias terapéuticas de ella pueden ser considerables. Los métodos farmacológicos para prevenir la sobreestimulación de neuronas piramidales córtico-límbicas vulnerables desarrolladas en un modelo animal pueden ser aplicables a la prevención y al tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

          Translated abstract

          L'augmentation de l'hypofonctionnement des récepteurs du N-méthyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) dans le cerveau est associée à des troubles de la mémoire et de l'apprentissage, qui s'accompagnent de psychose et évoluent vers des lésions cérébrales excitotoxiques. Lors du vieillissement cérébral, le système des récepteurs du NMDA devient progressivement hypofonctionnel, contribuant à la diminution des performances mnésiques et d'apprentissage. Chez les individus prédisposés à développer une maladie d'Alzheimer (MA), d'autres anomalies (telles que les amyloïdopathies et le stress oxydatif) interagissent pour augmenter le degré d'hypofonctionnement (NRHypo) des récepteurs du NMDA. Chez ces individus fragiles, le cerveau s'installe alors dans un état d'hypofonctionnement permanent et sévère qui peut conduire à une neurodégénération étendue associée à des symptômes mentaux et d'autres détériorations cognitives. Si les hypothèses décrites ici s'avèrent exactes, les implications thérapeutiques pourraient être considérables. Les méthodes pharmacologiques de prévention de l'hyperstimulation des neurones corticolimbiques vulnérables, développées dans des modèles animaux, pourraient s'appliquer à la prévention et au traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer.

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          Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors.

          An in situ study of mRNAs encoding NMDA receptor subunits in the developing rat CNS revealed that, at all stages, the NR1 gene is expressed in virtually all neurons, whereas the four NR2 transcripts display distinct expression patterns. NR2B and NR2D mRNAs occur prenatally, whereas NR2A and NR2C mRNAs are first detected near birth. All transcripts except NR2D peak around P20. NR2D mRNA, present mainly in midbrain structures, peaks around P7 and thereafter decreases to adult levels. Postnatally, NR2B and NR2C transcript levels change in opposite directions in the cerebellar internal granule cell layer. In the adult hippocampus, NR2A and NR2B mRNAs are prominent in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells, but NR2C and NR2D mRNAs occur in different subsets of interneurons. Recombinant binary NR1-NR2 channels show comparable Ca2+ permeabilities, but marked differences in voltage-dependent Mg2+ block and in offset decay time constants. Thus, the distinct expression profiles and functional properties of NR2 subunits provide a basis for NMDA channel heterogeneity in the brain.
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            Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system.

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              Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5.

              Recent work has shown that the hippocampus contains a class of receptors for the excitatory amino acid glutamate that are activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and that exhibit a peculiar dependency on membrane voltage in becoming active only on depolarization. Blockade of these sites with the drug aminophosphonovaleric acid (AP5) does not detectably affect synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, but prevents the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) following brief high-frequency stimulation. We now report that chronic intraventricular infusion of D,L-AP5 causes a selective impairment of place learning, which is highly sensitive to hippocampal damage, without affecting visual discrimination learning, which is not. The L-isomer of AP5 did not produce behavioural effects. AP5 treatment also suppressed LTP in vivo. These results suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in spatial learning, and add support to the hypothesis that LTP is involved in some, but not all, forms of learning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Departement of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo, USA
                Departement of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2000
                September 2000
                : 2
                : 3
                : 219-232
                Affiliations
                Departement of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo, USA
                Departement of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.3/jnewcomer
                3181613
                22034391
                2eedce7b-00ee-41d7-becd-5055bba28981
                Copyright: © 2000 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Basic Research

                Neurosciences
                nmda receptor hypofunction,brain aging,nmda receptor,memory,alzheimer's disease
                Neurosciences
                nmda receptor hypofunction, brain aging, nmda receptor, memory, alzheimer's disease

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