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      Parental assessment of physical education in the school curriculum: A brief report on the influence of past experiences as students

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between parents' past experience as Physical Education (PE) students and the importance they give to PE within the school curriculum. Parents of 1834 teenagers from Spain and Portugal participated in the study (1834 fathers and 1834 mothers). An 11 item questionnaire was used for data collection. The measures studied were: socio-demographic characteristics, parent´s past experience as PE students, and importance that parents gave to PE in the school curriculum. The results suggest that parents’ past experiences as PE student condition their evaluation of the importance that PE should have in the school curriculum. As the past experience as PE student deteriorated and as age increased, there was an increase in the probability that parents evaluate PE as deserving a less important status in their children's curriculum. These findings can contribute to understanding how the parents' past experiences as PE students seem to partially model the value judgements that they make later in life regarding the importance of the subject.

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          Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

          Marie Ng, Tom Fleming, Margaret W. Robinson … (2015)
          In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3·4 million deaths, 3·9% of years of life lost, and 3·8% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparable, up-to-date information about levels and trends is essential to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision makers to prioritise action. We estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013. We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n=1769) that included data for height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports. We used mixed effects linear regression to correct for bias in self-reports. We obtained data for prevalence of obesity and overweight by age, sex, country, and year (n=19,244) with a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Worldwide, the proportion of adults with a body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m(2) or greater increased between 1980 and 2013 from 28·8% (95% UI 28·4-29·3) to 36·9% (36·3-37·4) in men, and from 29·8% (29·3-30·2) to 38·0% (37·5-38·5) in women. Prevalence has increased substantially in children and adolescents in developed countries; 23·8% (22·9-24·7) of boys and 22·6% (21·7-23·6) of girls were overweight or obese in 2013. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased in children and adolescents in developing countries, from 8·1% (7·7-8·6) to 12·9% (12·3-13·5) in 2013 for boys and from 8·4% (8·1-8·8) to 13·4% (13·0-13·9) in girls. In adults, estimated prevalence of obesity exceeded 50% in men in Tonga and in women in Kuwait, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2006, the increase in adult obesity in developed countries has slowed down. Because of the established health risks and substantial increases in prevalence, obesity has become a major global health challenge. Not only is obesity increasing, but no national success stories have been reported in the past 33 years. Urgent global action and leadership is needed to help countries to more effectively intervene. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents.

            J Sallis, J J Prochaska, W C Taylor (2000)
            Understanding the factors that influence physical activity can aid the design of more effective interventions. Previous reviews of correlates of youth physical activity have produced conflicting results. A comprehensive review of correlates of physical activity was conducted, and semiquantitative results were summarized separately for children (ages 3-12) and adolescents (ages 13-18). The 108 studies evaluated 40 variables for children and 48 variables for adolescents. About 60% of all reported associations with physical activity were statistically significant. Variables that were consistently associated with children's physical activity were sex (male), parental overweight status, physical activity preferences, intention to be active, perceived barriers (inverse), previous physical activity, healthy diet, program/facility access, and time spent outdoors. Variables that were consistently associated with adolescents' physical activity were sex (male), ethnicity (white), age (inverse), perceived activity competence, intentions, depression (inverse), previous physical activity, community sports, sensation seeking, sedentary after school and on weekends (inverse), parent support, support from others, sibling physical activity, direct help from parents, and opportunities to exercise. These consistently related variables should be confirmed in prospective studies, and interventions to improve the modifiable variables should be developed and evaluated.
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              Motor Competence and its Effect on Positive Developmental Trajectories of Health.

              Leah E. Robinson, David F Stodden, Lisa M. Barnett … (2015)
              In 2008, Stodden and colleagues took a unique developmental approach toward addressing the potential role of motor competence in promoting positive or negative trajectories of physical activity, health-related fitness, and weight status. The conceptual model proposed synergistic relationships among physical activity, motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related physical fitness, and obesity with associations hypothesized to strengthen over time. At the time the model was proposed, limited evidence was available to support or refute the model hypotheses. Over the past 6 years, the number of investigations exploring these relationships has increased significantly. Thus, it is an appropriate time to examine published data that directly or indirectly relate to specific pathways noted in the conceptual model. Evidence indicates that motor competence is positively associated with perceived competence and multiple aspects of health (i.e., physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and a healthy weight status). However, questions related to the increased strength of associations across time and antecedent/consequent mechanisms remain. An individual's physical and psychological development is a complex and multifaceted process that synergistically evolves across time. Understanding the most salient factors that influence health and well-being and how relationships among these factors change across time is a critical need for future research in this area. This knowledge could aid in addressing the declining levels of physical activity and fitness along with the increasing rates of obesity across childhood and adolescence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Joaquín Lago-Ballesteros:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-8374
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft
                João Martins: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Supervision
                Miguel Ángel González-Valeiro: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Supervision
                María A. Fernández-Villarino:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2466-8940
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Conor Gilligan: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0219544
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
                [2 ] Pedagogy Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics and Unit for Research and Development in Education and Training, Institute of Education, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
                [3 ] Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
                [4 ] Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
                [5 ] Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
                University of Newcastle, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-8374
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2466-8940
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-29476
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219544
                PMC ID: 6619797
                PubMed ID: 31291369
                SO-VID: 2f3fde99-27af-4f22-998d-df3dc9b52d10
                Copyright © © 2019 Lago-Ballesteros et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 10 October 2018
                Date accepted : 26 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 10
                Funding
                The present study was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain with the project: "Diseño y desarrollo de un software para el análisis del rendimiento en fútbol" (DEP2016-75785-R). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Schools
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Physical Activity
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Families
                Subject: Fathers
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Families
                Subject: Mothers
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: Teachers
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Health Education and Awareness
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Learning
                Subject: Human Learning
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Learning
                Subject: Human Learning
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Learning
                Subject: Human Learning
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Learning and Memory
                Subject: Learning
                Subject: Human Learning
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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