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      Are there differences in the quality of the diet of working and stay-at-home women? Translated title: Há diferenças na qualidade da dieta de trabalhadoras remuneradas e donas de casa?

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          ABSTRACT

          OBJECTIVE

          To verify whether there is an association between the quality of the diet and the inclusion of women in the labor market and whether the education level would modify this association. We have analyzed the differences according to education level and evaluated whether the insertion or not in the market modifies the association between the quality of the diet and education level.

          METHODS

          This is a cross-sectional population-based study that has used data from the Campinas Health Survey (2008 ISACamp). We have evaluated the diet of 464 women, aged 18 to 64 years, using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index – Revised. We have estimated the means of the total score and index components using simple and multiple linear regression.

          RESULTS

          We have observed no difference in the quality of diet of working and stay-at-home women. The analysis stratified by education level showed a lower intake of fruits among stay-at-home women in the segment of lower education level, in relation to working women. Among all women, a lower education level was associated with lower overall quality of the diet, higher intake of sodium, and lower intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, and saturated fat. On the other hand, the inclusion in the labor market changed the effect of the education level on the quality of the diet. In the stay-at-home stratum, a low education level was associated with poorer quality of the diet and lower consumption of fruits, dark green and orange vegetables, and whole grains. Among the working women, a low education level was associated with higher intake of sodium and lower intake of vegetables, whole grains, and milk and dairy products.

          CONCLUSIONS

          The results show inequities in the profile of food in relation to education level and inclusion in the labor market, which shows the relevance of public policies that increase the access to education and provide guidance on a healthy diet.

          RESUMO

          OBJETIVO

          Verificar se existe associação entre qualidade da dieta e inserção das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e se o nível de escolaridade modificaria essa associação; analisar as diferenças segundo escolaridade; e avaliar se a inserção ou não no mercado modifica a associação entre qualidade da dieta e escolaridade.

          MÉTODOS

          Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional, que utilizou dados do Inquérito de Saúde de Campinas ( ISACamp 2008). A alimentação de 464 mulheres, de 18 a 64 anos, foi avaliada por meio do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. Foram estimadas as médias do escore total e dos componentes do índice com o uso de regressão linear simples e múltipla.

          RESULTADOS

          Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre qualidade da dieta de donas de casa e trabalhadoras remuneradas. A análise estratificada por escolaridade mostrou menor ingestão de frutas entre as donas de casa no segmento de pior escolaridade, em comparação às trabalhadoras remuneradas. Entre as mulheres, a menor escolaridade esteve associada à pior qualidade global da dieta e à maior ingestão de sódio e menor ingestão de frutas, vegetais, grãos integrais, leite e gordura saturada. Em contraste, a inserção no mercado de trabalho modificou o efeito da escolaridade sobre a qualidade da dieta. No estrato de donas de casa, a baixa escolaridade foi associada à pior qualidade da dieta e ao menor consumo de frutas, vegetais verde-escuros e alaranjados e grãos integrais. Entre as trabalhadoras remuneradas, a baixa escolaridade mostrou-se associada à ingestão maior de sódio e menor de vegetais, cereais integrais e leite e laticínios.

          CONCLUSÕES

          Os resultados expõem iniquidades no perfil alimentar em relação à escolaridade e à inserção no mercado de trabalho, sinalizando a relevância de políticas públicas que ampliem o acesso à educação e à orientação sobre dieta saudável.

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          Most cited references23

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          The psychosocial quality of work determines whether employment has benefits for mental health: results from a longitudinal national household panel survey.

          Although employment is associated with health benefits over unemployment, the psychosocial characteristics of work also influence health. We used longitudinal data to investigate whether the benefits of having a job depend on its psychosocial quality (levels of control, demands and complexity, job insecurity, and unfair pay), and whether poor quality jobs are associated with better mental health than unemployment. Analysis of seven waves of data from 7,155 respondents of working age (44,019 observations) from a national household panel survey. Longitudinal regression models evaluated the concurrent and prospective association between employment circumstances (unemployment and employment in jobs varying in psychosocial job quality) and mental health, assessed by the MHI-5. Overall, unemployed respondents had poorer mental health than those who were employed. However the mental health of those who were unemployed was comparable or superior to those in jobs of the poorest psychosocial quality. This pattern was evident in prospective models: those in the poorest quality jobs showed greater decline in mental health than those who were unemployed (B = 3.03, p<0.05). The health benefits of becoming employed were dependent on the quality of the job. Moving from unemployment into a high quality job led to improved mental health (mean change score of +3.3), however the transition from unemployment to a poor quality job was more detrimental to mental health than remaining unemployed (-5.6 vs -1.0). Work of poor psychosocial quality does not bestow the same mental health benefits as employment in jobs with high psychosocial quality.
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            Trabalho e gênero no Brasil nos últimos dez anos

            Panorama da situação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Com base em estatísticas oficiais, como as do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego e do Ministério da Educação, o texto destaca algumas das principais tendências da inserção laboral das brasileiras, que é marcada por progressos e atrasos. De um lado, a intensidade e a constância do aumento da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho, que tem ocorrido desde a metade dos anos 1970, de outro, o elevado desemprego das mulheres e a má qualidade do emprego feminino; de um lado, o acesso a carreiras e profissões de prestígio e a cargos de gerência e mesmo diretoria, por parte de mulheres escolarizadas, de outro, o predomínio do trabalho feminino em atividades precárias e informais. O perfil atual das trabalhadoras: mais velhas, casadas e mães revela uma nova identidade feminina, voltada tanto para o trabalho como para a família. A permanência da responsabilidade feminina pelos afazeres domésticos e cuidados com os filhos e outros familiares - indica a continuidade de modelos familiares tradicionais, que sobrecarregam as novas trabalhadoras, sobretudo as que são mães de filhos pequenos.
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              Parental employment and work-family stress: associations with family food environments.

              Parental employment provides many benefits to children's health. However, an increasing number of studies have observed associations between mothers' full-time employment and less healthful family food environments. Few studies have examined other ways in which parental employment may be associated with the family food environment, including the role of fathers' employment and parents' stress balancing work and home obligations. This study utilized data from Project F-EAT, a population-based study of a socio-demographically diverse sample of 3709 parents of adolescents living in a metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States, to examine cross-sectional associations between mothers' and fathers' employment status and parents' work-life stress with multiple aspects of the family food environment. Among parents participating in Project F-EAT, 64% of fathers and 46% of mothers were full-time employed, while 25% of fathers and 37% of mothers were not employed. Results showed that full-time employed mothers reported fewer family meals, less frequent encouragement of their adolescents' healthful eating, lower fruit and vegetable intake, and less time spent on food preparation, compared to part-time and not-employed mothers, after adjusting for socio-demographics. Full-time employed fathers reported significantly fewer hours of food preparation; no other associations were seen between fathers' employment status and characteristics of the family food environment. In contrast, higher work-life stress among both parents was associated with less healthful family food environment characteristics including less frequent family meals and more frequent sugar-sweetened beverage and fast food consumption by parents. Among dual-parent families, taking into account the employment characteristics of the other parent did not substantially alter the relationships between work-life stress and family food environment characteristics. While parental employment is beneficial for many families, identifying policy and programmatic strategies to reduce parents' work-life stress may have positive implications for the family food environment and for the eating patterns and related health outcomes of children and parents. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Saude Publica
                Rev Saude Publica
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                2018
                20 April 2018
                : 52
                : 47
                Affiliations
                [I ]Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Campinas, SP, Brasil
                [II ]Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Nutrição. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Daniela de Assumpção, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brasil E-mail: danideassumpcao@ 123456gmail.com

                Authors’ Contribution: Planning and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of the data, and preparation of the study: DA, CS, MBAB. Critical review of the study: RMF, AMC. All authors have approved the final version of the study and assume public responsibility for its content.

                Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                00237
                10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000104
                5933944
                3048ae48-6598-4403-a50d-0cd8be3ba16b

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 March 2017
                : 19 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 12, Equations: 0, References: 39
                Categories
                Original Article

                women,women, working,healthy diet,socioeconomic factors,health inequalities,diet surveys,mulheres,mulheres trabalhadoras,fatores socioeconômicos,dieta saudável,desigualdades em saúde,inquéritos sobre dietas

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