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      Remdesivir and its antiviral activity against COVID-19: A systematic review

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          Abstract

          Background

          To summarize the antiviral activities of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.

          Methods

          Available publications were systematically explored on some databases and gray literature was examined. Publications were discussed narratively.

          Results

          Remdesivir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, reduces viral load, and exerts protective effects in SARS-CoV-2 infected animals. Remdesivir also reduces the pathological process, alleviates mild symptoms, and improves pulmonary lesions in SARS-CoV-2-infecetd animals. Although remdesivir has been used as a compassionate drug for treating COVID-19 patients, it has only moderate efficacy.

          Conclusion

          Although remdesivir has shown potent antiviral activities, more efficacy assessments are urgently warranted in clinical trials.

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          A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

          Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
          Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
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            Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

            Zunyou Wu, Jennifer M. McGoogan (2020)
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              A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

              Fan Wu, Su Zhao, Bin Yu … (2020)
              Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.
              Article 0 comments Cited 5297 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andri Frediansyah
                Firzan Nainu
                Kuldeep Dhama
                Mudatsir Mudatsir
                Harapan Harapan
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Epidemiol Glob Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Epidemiol Glob Health
                Title: Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health
                Publisher: INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 2452-0918
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-3984
                Publication date PMC-release: 7 August 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 August 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia
                [b ]Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
                [c ]Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
                [d ]Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
                [e ]Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
                [f ]Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
                [g ]Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Jogja-Wonosari 31 5, Wonosari, D.I, Yogyakarta, 55861, Indonesia. harapan@ 123456unsyiah.ac.id
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. T. Tanoeh Abe, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia. andri.frediansyah@ 123456lipi.go.id
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2213-3984(20)30181-0
                DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.07.011
                PMC ID: 7410793
                PubMed ID: 32838064
                SO-VID: 308c6f71-f30a-4edd-bf8f-b7a74b355c32
                Copyright © © 2020 INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 6 July 2020
                Date accepted : 25 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: covid-19,sars-cov-2,treatment,remdesivir,clinical trial
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, sars-cov-2, treatment, remdesivir, clinical trial

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