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      Motor Imagery-Based Rehabilitation: Potential Neural Correlates and Clinical Application for Functional Recovery of Motor Deficits after Stroke

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          Abstract

          Motor imagery (MI), defined as the mental implementation of an action in the absence of movement or muscle activation, is a rehabilitation technique that offers a means to replace or restore lost motor function in stroke patients when used in conjunction with conventional physiotherapy procedures. This article briefly reviews the concepts and neural correlates of MI in order to promote improved understanding, as well as to enhance the clinical utility of MI-based rehabilitation regimens. We specifically highlight the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, premotor, supplementary motor, and prefrontal areas, primary motor cortex, and parietal cortex. Additionally, we examine the recent literature related to MI and its potential as a therapeutic technique in both upper and lower limb stroke rehabilitation.

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          The neural network of motor imagery: an ALE meta-analysis.

          Sébastien Hétu, Mathieu Grégoire, Arnaud Saimpont … (2013)
          Motor imagery (MI) or the mental simulation of action is now increasingly being studied using neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The booming interest in capturing the neural underpinning of MI has provided a large amount of data which until now have never been quantitatively summarized. The aim of this activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was to provide a map of the brain structures involved in MI. Combining the data from 75 papers revealed that MI consistently recruits a large fronto-parietal network in addition to subcortical and cerebellar regions. Although the primary motor cortex was not shown to be consistently activated, the MI network includes several regions which are known to play a role during actual motor execution. The body part involved in the movements, the modality of MI and the nature of the MI tasks used all seem to influence the consistency of activation within the general MI network. In addition to providing the first quantitative cortical map of MI, we highlight methodological issues that should be addressed in future research. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Cognitive motor processes: the role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations.

            Jörn Munzert, Britta Lorey, Karen Zentgraf (2009)
            Motor imagery is viewed as a window to cognitive motor processes and particularly to motor control. Mental simulation theory [Jeannerod, M., 2001. Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. NeuroImage 14, 103-109] stresses that cognitive motor processes such as motor imagery and action observation share the same representations as motor execution. This article presents an overview of motor imagery studies in cognitive psychology and neuroscience that support and extend predictions from mental simulation theory. In general, behavioral data as well as fMRI and TMS data demonstrate that motor areas in the brain play an important role in motor imagery. After discussing results on a close overlap between mental and actual performance durations, the review focuses specifically on studies reporting an activation of primary motor cortex during motor imagery. This focus is extended to studies on motor imagery in patients. Motor imagery is also analyzed in more applied fields such as mental training procedures in patients and athletes. These findings support the notion that mental training procedures can be applied as a therapeutic tool in rehabilitation and in applications for power training.
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              Neurophysiology. Decoding motor imagery from the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplegic human.

              Tyson Aflalo, Spencer Kellis, Christian Klaes … (2015)
              Nonhuman primate and human studies have suggested that populations of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) may represent high-level aspects of action planning that can be used to control external devices as part of a brain-machine interface. However, there is no direct neuron-recording evidence that human PPC is involved in action planning, and the suitability of these signals for neuroprosthetic control has not been tested. We recorded neural population activity with arrays of microelectrodes implanted in the PPC of a tetraplegic subject. Motor imagery could be decoded from these neural populations, including imagined goals, trajectories, and types of movement. These findings indicate that the PPC of humans represents high-level, cognitive aspects of action and that the PPC can be a rich source for cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics that assist paralyzed patients. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Aging Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Aging Dis
                Title: Aging and Disease
                Publisher: JKL International LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 2152-5250
                Publication date Collection: May 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 May 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 364-371
                Affiliations
                [1-ad-8-3-364] 1China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
                [2-ad-8-3-364] 2Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
                [3-ad-8-3-364] 3Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
                [4-ad-8-3-364] 4China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence should be addressed to: Drs. Yuchuan Ding and Xiaokun Geng, Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI 48201, USA; Beijing Luhe Hospital, Beijing 101149, China. Email: yding@ 123456med.wayne.edu and xgeng@ 123456med.wayne.edu
                [#]

                these authors equally contributed to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: ad-8-3-364
                DOI: 10.14336/AD.2016.1012
                PMC ID: 5440115
                PubMed ID: 28580191
                SO-VID: 3092c85a-348f-4de2-bd21-65e3645dcb3e
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Tong, et al.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

                History
                Date received : 2 September 2016
                Date revision requested : 12 October 2016
                Date accepted : 12 October 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: movement,muscle activation,motor function,neural correlates,clinical implication
                Data availability:
                Keywords: movement, muscle activation, motor function, neural correlates, clinical implication

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