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      Communication between the musculocutaneous and median nerves in the arm: an anatomical study and clinical implications Translated title: Comunicação entre os nervos musculocutâneo e mediano no braço: estudo anatômico e implicações clínicas

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To determine the frequency and features of communication between the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) and median nerve (MN) in a sample of the Colombian population, and assess its clinical implication.

          Methods

          The arms of 53 cadaver specimens that had been subjected to necropsy at the National Institute of Forensic Medicine, in Bucaramanga, Colombia, were studied. The structures of the anterior compartment of the arm were dissected and characterized regarding the presence of communication between the MCN and MN.

          Results

          A communicating branch was found in 21/106 upper limbs (19.8%), occurring bilaterally in 10 (47.6%) and unilaterally in 11 (52.4%), without significant difference regarding the side of occurrence ( p = 0.30). In 17% of the cases, there was MCN-MN communication in which the communicating branch was seen leaving the MCN after piercing the coracobrachialis muscle (Type I). In 2.8%, the connection was from the MN to the MCN (Type II). The length of the communicating branch was 57.8 ± 33.4 mm. The distances from the proximal and distal points of this branch to the coracoid process were 138 ± 39.4 mm and 188 ± 48.3 mm, respectively. The communicating branch was located mostly in the middle third of the arm.

          Conclusions

          The frequency of MCN-MN communication observed in the present study is in the middle of the range of what was reported in previous studies. MCN-MN connections need to be taken into account in diagnosing and managing peripheral nerve lesions of the upper limbs.

          Resumo

          Objetivo

          Determinar a frequência e características da comunicação entre os nervos músculo-cutâneo (MCN) e mediano (MN) em uma amostra da população colombiana, e avaliar sua implicação clínica.

          Métodos

          Os braços de 53 cadáveres foram avaliados em necropsia no National Institute of Forensic Medicine, em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. As estruturas do compartimento anterior do braço foram dissecadas e caracterizadas em relação à presença de comunicação entre MCN e MN.

          Resultados

          Um ramo comunicante foi encontrado em 21/106 membros superiores (19.8%), ocorrendo bilateralmente em 10 (47,6%) e unilateralmente em 11 (52,4%), sem diferença significativa em relação ao lado da ocorrência (p = 0,30). Em 17% dos casos, havia uma comunicação entre MCN-MN na qual o ramo comunicante era visto emergindo do MCN após perfurar o músculo córaco-braquial (Tipo I). Em 2,8% dos casos a conexão foi do MN para o MCN (Tipo II). O comprimento do ramo comunicante foi 57,8 ± 33,4 mm. As distâncias entre os pontos proximal e distal deste ramo e o processo coracóide foi 138 ± 39,4 mm e 188 ± 48,3 mm, respectivamente. O ramo comunicante se localizou principalmente no terço médio do braço.

          Conclusão

          A frequência da comunicação entre MCN-MN observada no presente estudo está na média daquela relatada em outros trabalhos. As conexões MCN-MN devem ser levadas em consideração no diagnóstico e no manejo das lesões dos nervos periféricos dos membros superiores.

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          Most cited references31

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          Results of nerve transfer techniques for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in the context of a meta-analysis of the English literature.

          We report the results of 15 patients who underwent nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder and elbow function at our institution for traumatic brachial plexus palsy. We present these results in the context of a meta-analysis of the English literature, designed to quantitatively assess the efficacy of individual nerve transfers for restoration of elbow and shoulder function in a large number of patients. One thousand eighty-eight nerve transfers from 27 studies met the inclusion criteria of the analysis. Seventy-two percent of direct intercostal to musculocutaneous transfers (without interposition nerve grafts) achieved biceps strength > or =M3 versus 47% using interposition grafts. Direct intercostal transfers to the musculocutaneous nerve had a better ability to achieve > or =M4 elbow strength than transfers from the spinal accessory nerve (41% vs 29%). The suprascapular nerve fared significantly better than the axillary nerve in obtaining > or =M3 shoulder abduction (92% vs 69%). At our institution 90% of intercostal to musculocutaneous transfers (n = 10) achieved > or =M3 bicep strength and 70% achieved > or =M4 strength. Four of seven patients achieved > or =M3 shoulder abduction with a single nerve transfer and 6 of 7 regained > or =M3 strength with a dual nerve transfer. This study suggests that interposition nerve grafts should be avoided when possible when performing nerve transfers. Better results for restoration of elbow flexion have been attained with intercostal to musculocutaneous transfers than with spinal accessory nerve transfers and spinal accessory to suprascapular transfers appear to have the best outcomes for return of shoulder abduction. We conclude that nerve transfer is an effective means to restore elbow and shoulder function in brachial plexus paralysis.
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            Classifying musculocutaneous nerve variations.

            A total of 56 upper limbs from fetuses and adult cadavers were dissected to record anatomical variations in the musculocutaneous nerve (MC). A systematic literature review was performed to identify current classifications of MC variations. Communications were seen between the MC and median nerves in 53.6% of the dissections from which 84.6% were proximal, 7.7% distal, and 7.7% had one proximal and one distal communication to the point of entry of the MC into coracobrachialis muscle. In six out of 54 dissections where the MC was present, the nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis muscle. In two cases, the MC was absent and in one case the MC and the median nerve had a distal origin. This article describes current classifications of MC variations and their problems. A new classification is proposed combining preexisting ones into an integrated and more detailed overview. Clinical manifestations of isolated MC injury with and without the presence of anatomical variations are thoroughly discussed. The knowledge of these variations will allow physicians to correctly interpret anomalous innervation patterns of the upper limb.
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              Classification of communications between the musculocutaneous and median nerves.

              In 16 out of 79 cadavers 22 communications were found between the musculocutaneous and median nerves. In six subjects they were present bilaterally. There were three types, based on the sites of communication. Type I: The communication was proximal to the entrance of the musculocutaneous nerve into coracobrachialis (9/22); Type II: The communication was distal to the muscle (10/22); Type III: The nerve as well as the communicating branch did not pierce the muscle (3/22). Bilateral communications were not necessarily of the same type. The possible clinical implications of these communications (relating either to the surgical approach to the shoulder joint, or to entrapment syndromes) are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
                Elsevier
                2255-4971
                27 December 2014
                Sep-Oct 2015
                27 December 2014
                : 50
                : 5
                : 567-572
                Affiliations
                [0005]Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author. lballest56@ 123456yahoo.es
                Article
                S2255-4971(14)00198-0
                10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.009
                4610987
                26535190
                30a74b57-eb1e-43d5-b0a0-3c2f13efcdda
                © 2015 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 July 2014
                : 21 August 2014
                Categories
                Original Article

                median nerve,musculocutaneous nerve,communication,nervo mediano,nervo músculo-cutâneo,comunicação

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