The effects of female sex hormones on the human cornea across a woman’s life cycle

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Abstract

The cornea is a hormone-responsive tissue that responds to changing levels of female sex hormones. This review focuses on the structural and functional changes in the human cornea associated with the hormonal milestones of menarche, pregnancy, and menopause, as well as consequences stemming from the use of exogenous sex hormones for fertility control and replacement. Articles were identified by searching PubMed without language or region restrictions. The primary outcomes evaluated were changes in central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and quality of the ocular tear film. The potential impact of hormone-associated changes on the diagnosis and surgical management of common eye diseases, as well as the potential use of sex hormones as therapeutic agents is also considered. Understanding the physiological effects of female sex hormones on the cornea is important because that knowledge can shape the management decisions physicians and women face about ocular health across their life stages.

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Pregnancy and laboratory studies: a reference table for clinicians.

Mina Abbassi-Ghanavati, Laura Greer, F Gary Cunningham (2009)

To establish normal reference ranges during pregnancy for common laboratory analytes. We conducted a comprehensive electronic database review using PUBMED and MEDLINE databases. We also reviewed textbooks of maternal laboratory studies during uncomplicated pregnancy. We searched the databases for studies investigating various laboratory analytes at various times during pregnancy. All abstracts were examined by two investigators and, if they were found relevant, the full text of the article was reviewed. Articles were included if the analyte studied was measured in pregnant women without major medical problems or confounding conditions and if the laboratory marker was measured and reported for a specified gestational age. For each laboratory marker, data were extracted from as many references as possible, and these data were combined to establish normal reference ranges in pregnancy. When possible, the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles were reported as the normal range. In some of the reference articles, however, the reported range was based on the minimum and maximum value of the laboratory constituent. In those cases, the minimum to maximum range was used and combined with the 2.5 and 97.5 percentile range. We found that there is a substantial difference in normal values in some laboratory markers in the pregnant state when compared with the nonpregnant state. It is important to consider normal reference ranges specific to pregnancy when interpreting some laboratory results that may be altered by the normal changes of pregnancy.

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Hormones in pregnancy

Pratap Kumar, Navneet Magon (2012)

The endocrinology of human pregnancy involves endocrine and metabolic changes that result from physiological alterations at the boundary between mother and fetus. Progesterone and oestrogen have a great role along with other hormones. The controversies of use of progestogen and others are discussed in this chapter. Progesterone has been shown to stimulate the secretion of Th2 and reduces the secretion of Th1 cytokines which maintains pregnancy. Supportive care in early pregnancy is associated with a significant beneficial effect on pregnancy outcome. Prophylactic hormonal supplementation can be recommended for all assisted reproduction techniques cycles. Preterm labor can be prevented by the use of progestogen. The route of administration plays an important role in the drug's safety and efficacy profile in different trimesters of pregnancy. Thyroid disorders have a great impact on pregnancy outcome and needs to be monitored and treated accordingly. Method of locating review: Pubmed, scopus

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Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome.

Debra Schaumberg, J Buring, Craig M Dana … (2001)

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use is common in the United States. Some research suggests that estrogen may have detrimental effects on the tear film and could influence the development of dry eye syndrome, but few data are available on this relationship. To determine the relationship of HRT and dry eye syndrome. The Women's Health Study, a large cohort study in which 25 665 postmenopausal women provided information about use of HRT at baseline (1992), 12, and 36 months and dry eye syndrome at 48 months. (1) Clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome, as reported by participants; (2) severe symptoms (both ocular dryness and irritation either constantly or often); and (3) either clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome or severe symptoms, compared between women who used HRT vs those who did not. For the combined end point of either clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome or severe symptoms, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios were 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-1.91) for estrogen use alone and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.13-1.48) for estrogen plus progesterone/progestin use compared with no HRT use. Each 3-year increase in the duration of HRT use was associated with a significant 15% (95% CI, 11%-19%) elevation in risk of clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome or severe symptoms. Results were similar for the combined end point of clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome and severe symptoms. These data suggest that women who use HRT, particularly estrogen alone, are at increased risk of dry eye syndrome. Physicians caring for women who are taking or considering HRT should be apprised of this potential complication.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Melina I. Morkin: melmorkin@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Ophthalmol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Ophthalmol

Title: BMC Ophthalmology

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2415

Publication date (Electronic): 16 August 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 16 August 2023

Publication date Collection: 2023

Volume: 23

Electronic Location Identifier: 358

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.417051.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0419 9571, United States Naval Hospital Okinawa, ; Ginowan, Japan

[2 ]GRID grid.25879.31, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8972, Scheie Eye Institute, ; Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA

[3 ]GRID grid.419182.7, Department of Ophthalmology, , Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, ; Burlington, MA 01805 USA

[4 ]GRID grid.67033.31, ISNI 0000 0000 8934 4045, Department of Ophthalmology, , Tufts University School of Medicine, ; 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA

Article

Publisher ID: 3085

DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03085-y

PMC ID: 10428535

SO-VID: 312428b1-9ffd-4443-9ac5-e4461ee94d43

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 7 April 2023

Date accepted : 14 July 2023

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

Keywords: female hormones,menstruation,pregnancy,menopause,cornea

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

Keywords: female hormones, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, cornea

The effects of female sex hormones on the human cornea across a woman’s life cycle

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Abstract

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Karger: Ophthalmology

Most cited references 55

Pregnancy and laboratory studies: a reference table for clinicians.

Hormones in pregnancy

Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome.

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