The quantitative parameters derived from IDEAL-IQ in the lumbar vertebrae of healthy children: a pilot study of bone development

Abstract

Background

Early childhood bone development affects that of bone disease in adolescence and adulthood. Many diseases can affect the cancellous bone or bone marrow. Therefore, it is of great significance to quantify the bone development of healthy children. The evaluation methods of bone development include bone age (BA) assessment and dual-energy X-ray bone mineral densitometry (DXA), both of which have strong subjectivity. The present study was conducted to improve our understanding of the bone development of healthy children using the quantitative parameters derived from iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation quantification (IDEAL-IQ) sequence.

Methods

Our study enrolled healthy children between January 2022 to December 2022 consecutively in Children’s Hospital of Shanxi. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) age ≤18 years; (II) no contraindications (surgical and interventional devices for ferromagnetic materials, cardiac implantable electronic devices, cochlear implants, insulin pumps, dental implants containing metal or alloy) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (I) previous malignant disease, (II) previous chemoradiotherapy, (III) previous spine surgery, (IV) previous or acute vertebral compression fracture, (V) artifacts present in images. Participants underwent MRI scans using IDEAL-IQ sequence in the lumbar vertebrae. The IDEAL-IQ parameters [proton density fat fraction (PDFF), 1/T2* (R2*)] were obtained. The factor analysis of variance was applied to compare the differences of PDFF and R2* in different lumbar vertebral groups. The Kruskal-Wallis H test or Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the differences of quantitative data among different gender or age groups. Spearman correlation analysis was applied to study the relationship among the age, PDFF, and R2*.

Results

A total of 145 participants (76 males, 69 females) were evaluated. There were no significant differences in PDFF and R2* of different lumbar vertebrae (P _PDFF=0.338, P _R2*=0.868). The average age was 36 [13–72] months. They were assigned into 4 groups (0–11, 12–35, 36–71, and 72–144 months). As the age increased, the average PDFF and R2* both increased significantly (r _PDFF=0.659, r _R2*=0.359, P<0.001). There were significant statistical differences in PDFF and R2* between the 4 age groups (Z _PDFF=46.651, Z _R2*=27.537, P<0.001). Moreover, the PDFF was also positively correlated with R2* (r=0.576, P<0.001). No association was found between the gender and PDFF, R2* (P _PDFF=0.949, P _R2*=0.177).

Conclusions

The quantitative parameters derived from IDEAL-IQ in the lumbar vertebrae of healthy children will improve our understanding of bone development and provide a basis for further exploring the diseases that affect children’s bone development.