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      Metabolomics biotechnology, applications, and future trends: a systematic review

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      RSC Advances
      The Royal Society of Chemistry

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          Abstract

          Given the highly increased incidence of human diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms regarding endogenous metabolism is urgently needed. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has been used in a variety of disease research areas. However, the deep research of metabolites remains a difficult and lengthy process. Fortunately, mass spectrometry is considered to be a universal tool with high specificity and sensitivity and is widely used around the world. Mass spectrometry technology has been applied to various basic disciplines, providing technical support for the discovery and identification of endogenous substances in living organisms. The combination of metabolomics and mass spectrometry is of great significance for the discovery and identification of metabolite biomarkers. The mass spectrometry tool could further improve and develop the exploratory research of the life sciences. This mini review discusses metabolomics biotechnology with a focus on recent applications of metabolomics as a powerful tool to elucidate metabolic disturbances and the related mechanisms of diseases.

          Abstract

          Given the highly increased incidence of human diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms regarding endogenous metabolism is urgently needed.

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          'Metabonomics': understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data.

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            Pharmaco-metabonomic phenotyping and personalized drug treatment.

            There is a clear case for drug treatments to be selected according to the characteristics of an individual patient, in order to improve efficacy and reduce the number and severity of adverse drug reactions. However, such personalization of drug treatments requires the ability to predict how different individuals will respond to a particular drug/dose combination. After initial optimism, there is increasing recognition of the limitations of the pharmacogenomic approach, which does not take account of important environmental influences on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. For instance, a major factor underlying inter-individual variation in drug effects is variation in metabolic phenotype, which is influenced not only by genotype but also by environmental factors such as nutritional status, the gut microbiota, age, disease and the co- or pre-administration of other drugs. Thus, although genetic variation is clearly important, it seems unlikely that personalized drug therapy will be enabled for a wide range of major diseases using genomic knowledge alone. Here we describe an alternative and conceptually new 'pharmaco-metabonomic' approach to personalizing drug treatment, which uses a combination of pre-dose metabolite profiling and chemometrics to model and predict the responses of individual subjects. We provide proof-of-principle for this new approach, which is sensitive to both genetic and environmental influences, with a study of paracetamol (acetaminophen) administered to rats. We show pre-dose prediction of an aspect of the urinary drug metabolite profile and an association between pre-dose urinary composition and the extent of liver damage sustained after paracetamol administration.
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              Modern analytical techniques in metabolomics analysis.

              Metabolomics is the comprehensive assessment of endogenous metabolites and attempts to systematically identify and quantify metabolites from a biological sample. Small-molecule metabolites have an important role in biological systems and represent attractive candidates to understand disease phenotypes. Metabolites represent a diverse group of low-molecular-weight structures including lipids, amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, organic acids, vitamins, thiols and carbohydrates, which makes global analysis a difficult challenge. The recent rapid development of a range of analytical platforms, including GC, HPLC, UPLC, CE coupled to MS and NMR spectroscopy, could enable separation, detection, characterization and quantification of such metabolites and related metabolic pathways. Owing to the complexity of the metabolome and the diverse properties of metabolites, no single analytical platform can be applied to detect all metabolites in a biological sample. The combined use of modern instrumental analytical approaches has unravelled the ideal outcomes in metabolomics, and is beneficial to increase the coverage of detected metabolites that can not be achieved by single-analysis techniques. Integrated platforms have been frequently used to provide sensitive and reliable detection of thousands of metabolites in a biofluid sample. Continued development of these analytical platforms will accelerate widespread use and integration of metabolomics into systems biology. Here, the application of each hyphenated technique is discussed and its strengths and limitations are discussed with selected illustrative examples; furthermore, this review comprehensively highlights the role of integrated tools in metabolomic research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                RSC Adv
                RSC Adv
                RA
                RSCACL
                RSC Advances
                The Royal Society of Chemistry
                2046-2069
                14 November 2019
                13 November 2019
                14 November 2019
                : 9
                : 64
                : 37245-37257
                Affiliations
                [a] Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Heping Road 24 Harbin China xijunwangls@ 123456126.com +86-451-82110818 +86-451-82110818
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-8280
                Article
                c9ra06697g
                10.1039/c9ra06697g
                9075731
                35542267
                325cfeab-5374-4126-8eb3-2d8722be3c22
                This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry
                History
                : 25 August 2019
                : 3 November 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), doi 10.13039/501100012166;
                Award ID: 2018YFC1706103
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, doi 10.13039/501100005046;
                Award ID: YQ2019H030
                Award ID: LH2019H056
                Award ID: H2016056
                Funded by: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/501100002858;
                Award ID: 2017M621319b
                Funded by: University Nursing Program for Young Scholar with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province, doi 10.13039/501100012676;
                Award ID: UNPYSCT-2015118
                Award ID: UNPYSCT-2016213
                Award ID: UNPYSCT-2016212
                Funded by: Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, doi 10.13039/501100009009;
                Award ID: 2018jc01
                Award ID: 2018bs02
                Award ID: 201809
                Funded by: China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, doi 10.13039/501100005893;
                Award ID: QNRC2-B06
                Categories
                Chemistry
                Custom metadata
                Paginated Article

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