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      Virological characterization of influenza H1N1pdm09 in Vietnam, 2010-2013

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus was first detected in Vietnam on May 31, 2009, and continues to circulate in Vietnam as a seasonal influenza virus. This study has monitored genotypic and phenotypic changes in this group of viruses during 2010–2013 period.

          Design and setting

          We sequenced hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from representative influenza A/H1N1pdm09 and compared with vaccine strain A/California/07/09 and other contemporary isolates from neighboring countries. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) assays also were performed on these isolates.

          Sample

          Representative influenza A/H1N1pdm09 isolates ( n =  61) from ILI and SARI surveillances in northern Vietnam between 2010 and 2013.

          Main outcome measures and results

          The HA and NA phylogenies revealed six and seven groups, respectively. Five isolates (8·2%) had substitutions G155E and N156K in the HA, which were associated with reduced HI titers by antiserum raised against the vaccine virus A/California/07/2009. One isolate from 2011 and one isolate from 2013 had a predicted H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase molecule, which was associated with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in a NAI assay. We also identified a D222N change in the HA of a virus isolated from a fatal case in 2013.

          Conclusions

          Significant genotypic and phenotypic changes in A/ H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses were detected by the National Influenza Surveillance System (NISS) in Vietnam between 2010 and 2013 highlighting the value of this system to Vietnam and to the region. Sustained NISS and continued virological monitoring of seasonal influenza viruses are required for vaccine policy development in Vietnam. 3

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          Altered receptor specificity and cell tropism of D222G hemagglutinin mutants isolated from fatal cases of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza virus.

          Yan Liu, Jennifer Uhlendorff, Hans Dieter Klenk … (2010)
          Mutations in the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 viruses have been detected sporadically. An Asp222Gly (D222G) substitution has been associated with severe or fatal disease. Here we show that 222G variants infected a higher proportion of ciliated cells in cultures of human airway epithelium than did viruses with 222D or 222E, which targeted mainly nonciliated cells. Carbohydrate microarray analyses showed that 222G variants bind a broader range of α2-3-linked sialyl receptor sequences of a type expressed on ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and on epithelia within the lung. These features of 222G mutants may contribute to exacerbation of disease.
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            Severity of Pneumonia Due to New H1N1 Influenza Virus in Ferrets Is Intermediate between That Due to Seasonal H1N1 Virus and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus

            Judith M. A. van den Brand, Koert J Stittelaar, Geert van Amerongen … (2010)
            Abstract Background. The newly emerged influenza A(H1N1) virus (new H1N1 virus) is causing the first influenza pandemic of this century. Three influenza pandemics of the previous century caused variable mortality, which largely depended on the development of severe pneumonia. However, the ability of the new H1N1 virus to cause pneumonia is poorly understood. Methods. The new H1N1 virus was inoculated intratracheally into ferrets. Its ability to cause pneumonia was compared with that of seasonal influenza H1N1 virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus by using clinical, virological, and pathological analyses. Results. Our results showed that the new H1N1 virus causes pneumonia in ferrets intermediate in severity between that caused by seasonal H1N1 virus and by HPAI H5N1 virus. The new H1N1 virus replicated well throughout the lower respiratory tract and more extensively than did both seasonal H1N1 virus (which replicated mainly in the bronchi) and HPAI H5N1 virus (which replicated mainly in the alveoli). High loads of new H1N1 virus in lung tissue were associated with diffuse alveolar damage and mortality. Conclusions. The new H1N1 virus may be intrinsically more pathogenic for humans than is seasonal H1N1 virus.
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              WHO recommendations for the viruses to be used in the 2012 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Vaccine: epidemiology, antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B influenza viruses collected from February to September 2011.

              Alexander Klimov, Rebecca J. Garten, Colin Russell … (2012)
              In February and September each year the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends influenza viruses to be included in influenza vaccines for the forthcoming winters in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres respectively. These recommendations are based on data collected by National Influenza Centres (NIC) through the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) and a more detailed analysis of representative and potential antigenically variant influenza viruses from the WHO Collaborating Centres for Influenza (WHO CCs) and Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). This article provides a detailed summary of the antigenic and genetic properties of viruses and additional background data used by WHO experts during development of the recommendations for the 2012 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine composition. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Influenza Other Respir Viruses
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Influenza Other Respir Viruses
                Journal ID (publisher-id): irv
                Title: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
                Publisher: BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1750-2640
                ISSN (Electronic): 1750-2659
                Publication date (Print): July 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 June 2015
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 216-224
                Affiliations
                [a ]National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology Hanoi, Vietnam
                [b ]108 Military Central Hospital Hanoi, Vietnam
                [c ]National Hospital of Traditional Medicine Hanoi, Vietnam
                [d ]Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi, Vietnam
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Mai Q. Lê, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yersin street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam. E-mail: lom9@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/irv.12323
                PMC ID: 4474498
                PubMed ID: 25966032
                SO-VID: 3353ae0e-9207-4934-95ad-0020ace823b4
                Copyright © © 2015 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 30 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: influenza a/h1n1pdm09,the vaccine virus a/california/07/2009,vietnam,virological characterization
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: influenza a/h1n1pdm09, the vaccine virus a/california/07/2009, vietnam, virological characterization

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