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      Variation of choroidal thickness during the waking period over three consecutive days in different degrees of myopia and emmetropia using optical coherence tomography

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To investigate the diurnal variation in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) during the waking period over three consecutive days in different degrees of myopia and emmetropia.

          Methods

          A total of 60 adult volunteers were grouped into low, moderate, high myopia, and emmetropia subgroups. SFCT, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured every 2 h from 8 AM to 8 PM for three successive days.

          Results

          The mean values of daily change amplitude were 3.18 mmHg (IOP), 0.05 mm (AL), 0.17 mm (ACD), and 13.51 μm (SFCT). The values of AL and ACD increased simultaneously with spherical equivalent refraction (SER), but SFCT was the opposite. IOP had a diurnal variation, and there was no difference among the four groups. AL of the high myopia group, ACD of the emmetropia group, and SFCT of each myopia group had diurnal variation over three consecutive days. AL had a high mean value at noon every day, and SFCT had a low mean value at noon every day.

          Conclusion

          The choroid thickness of subjects with different degrees of myopia had a significant diurnal variation. The change of diurnal variation between emmetropic and myopic subjects may be one of the causes of myopia.

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          Most cited references31

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          Effect of Time Spent Outdoors at School on the Development of Myopia Among Children in China: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

          Mingguang He, Fan Xiang, Yangfa Zeng … (2015)
          Myopia has reached epidemic levels in parts of East and Southeast Asia. However, there is no effective intervention to prevent the development of myopia.
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            Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

            Colin Tan, Yanling Ouyang, Humberto Ruiz … (2012)
            To describe the pattern and magnitude of diurnal variation of choroidal thickness (CT), its relation to systemic and ocular factors, and to determine the intervisit reproducibility of diurnal patterns. A prospective study was conducted on 12 healthy volunteers who each underwent sequential ocular imaging on two separate days at five fixed, 2-hour time intervals. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth imaging and image tracking was performed using a standardized protocol. Choroidal and retinal thicknesses were independently assessed by two masked graders. CT diurnal variation was assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. A significant diurnal variation in CT was observed, with mean maximum CT of 372.2 μm, minimum of 340.6 μm (P < 0.001), and mean diurnal amplitude of 33.7 μm. Retinal thickness (mean, 235.0 μm) did not exhibit significant diurnal variation (P = 0.621). The amplitude of CT variation was significantly greater for subjects with thicker morning baseline CT compared with those with thin choroids (43.1 vs. 10.5 μm, P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between amplitude of CT and age (P = 0.032), axial length (P < 0.001), and spherical equivalent (P < 0.001). The change in CT also correlated with change in systolic blood pressure (P = 0.031). Comparing CT on two different days, a similar diurnal pattern was observed, with no significant difference between corresponding measurements at the same time points (P = 0.180). There is significant diurnal variation of CT, with good intervisit reproducibility of diurnal patterns on two different days. The amplitude of variation varies with morning baseline CT, and is correlated with age, axial length, refractive error, and change in systolic blood pressure.
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              Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics.

              Ranjay Chakraborty, Francis Collins, Daniel S Read (2011)
              To investigate the pattern of diurnal variations in axial length (AL), choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular biometrics over 2 consecutive days. Measurements of ocular biometrics and IOP were collected for 30 young adult subjects (15 myopes, 15 emmetropes) at 10 different times over 2 consecutive days. Five sets of measurements were collected each day at approximately 3-hour intervals, with the first measurement taken at ~9 AM and final measurement at ~9 PM. AL underwent significant diurnal variation (P < 0.0001) that was consistently observed across the 2 measurement days. The longest AL was typically observed at the second measurement session (mean time, 12:26) and the shortest AL at the final session of each day (mean time, 21:06). The mean diurnal change in AL was 0.032 ± 0.018 mm. Choroidal thickness underwent significant diurnal variation (mean change, 0.029 ± 0.016 mm; P < 0.001) and varied approximately in antiphase to the AL changes. Significant diurnal variations were also found in vitreous chamber depth (VCD; mean change, 0.06 ± 0.029 mm; P < 0.0001) and IOP (mean change, 3.54 ± 0.84 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). A positive association was found between the variations of AL and IOP (r(2) = 0.17, P < 0.0001) and AL and VCD (r(2) = 0.31, P < 0.0001) and a negative association between AL and choroidal thickness (r(2) = 0.13, P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the magnitude and timing of diurnal variations associated with refractive error. Significant diurnal variations in AL, choroidal thickness, and IOP were consistently observed over 2 consecutive days of testing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yunxiao Zhu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PeerJ
                Title: PeerJ
                Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 May 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: e15317
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
                [2 ]Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
                [3 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital , Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 15317
                DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15317
                PMC ID: 10164371
                SO-VID: 33c10922-ab71-4427-a44f-455d1c9d8810
                Copyright © © 2023 Jiang et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                Date received : 3 January 2023
                Date accepted : 7 April 2023
                Funding
                The authors received no funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Ophthalmology

                Keywords: diurnal variation,choroidal thickness,myopia,emmetropia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diurnal variation, choroidal thickness, myopia, emmetropia

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