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      3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

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          Abstract

          Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects. However, significant limitations affect current treatment options and clinical demand for bone grafts continues to rise due to conditions such as trauma, cancer, infection and arthritis. Developing bioactive three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to support bone regeneration has therefore become a key area of focus within bone tissue engineering (BTE). A variety of materials and manufacturing methods including 3D printing have been used to create novel alternatives to traditional bone grafts. However, individual groups of materials including polymers, ceramics and hydrogels have been unable to fully replicate the properties of bone when used alone. Favourable material properties can be combined and bioactivity improved when groups of materials are used together in composite 3D scaffolds. This review will therefore consider the ideal properties of bioactive composite 3D scaffolds and examine recent use of polymers, hydrogels, metals, ceramics and bio-glasses in BTE. Scaffold fabrication methodology, mechanical performance, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and potential clinical translations will be discussed.

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          Highlights

          • This review will examine recent use of polymers, hydrogels, metals, ceramics and bio-glasses in bone tissue engineering..

          • 3D scaffold biofabrication, biocompatibility, bioactivity, mechanical properties and clinical translation will be discussed.

          • 3D printing and 3D bioprinting offer hope for patient-specific, cost-effective and reproducible treatment in the future.

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          Most cited references381

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          Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials

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            Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

            Bone disorders are of significant concern due to increase in the median age of our population. Traditionally, bone grafts have been used to restore damaged bone. Synthetic biomaterials are now being used as bone graft substitutes. These biomaterials were initially selected for structural restoration based on their biomechanical properties. Later scaffolds were engineered to be bioactive or bioresorbable to enhance tissue growth. Now scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are often porous, made of biodegradable materials that harbor different growth factors, drugs, genes, or stem cells. In this review, we highlight recent advances in bone scaffolds and discuss aspects that still need to be improved. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues.

              The advancement of tissue and, ultimately, organ engineering requires the ability to pattern human tissues composed of cells, extracellular matrix, and vasculature with controlled microenvironments that can be sustained over prolonged time periods. To date, bioprinting methods have yielded thin tissues that only survive for short durations. To improve their physiological relevance, we report a method for bioprinting 3D cell-laden, vascularized tissues that exceed 1 cm in thickness and can be perfused on chip for long time periods (>6 wk). Specifically, we integrate parenchyma, stroma, and endothelium into a single thick tissue by coprinting multiple inks composed of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human neonatal dermal fibroblasts (hNDFs) within a customized extracellular matrix alongside embedded vasculature, which is subsequently lined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These thick vascularized tissues are actively perfused with growth factors to differentiate hMSCs toward an osteogenic lineage in situ. This longitudinal study of emergent biological phenomena in complex microenvironments represents a foundational step in human tissue generation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Bioact Mater
                Bioact Mater
                Bioactive Materials
                KeAi Publishing
                2452-199X
                01 December 2017
                September 2018
                01 December 2017
                : 3
                : 3
                : 278-314
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, United Kingdom
                [b ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank, G81 4DY, United Kingdom
                [c ]Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. will.shu@ 123456strath.ac.uk
                Article
                S2452-199X(17)30039-7
                10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.10.001
                5935790
                29744467
                33c9d0fd-2c8a-42f1-a80d-535f17ccdad0
                © 2017 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 31 August 2017
                : 31 October 2017
                : 31 October 2017
                Categories
                Article

                bioactive composites,3d scaffold,3d printing,bioprinting,bone,tissue engineering

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