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      Bariatric endoscopy procedure type or follow-up: What predicted success at 1 year in 962 obese patients?

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          Abstract

          Background and study aims  It is uncertain if the difference in weight loss outcomes between different endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) is technique-related or multidisciplinary team (MDT) follow-up-related. We hypothesized that at 1 year, the weight loss is determined more by adherence to MDT follow-up than by procedure type. We aimed to compare 1 year weight loss outcomes of four different EBTs at a single center with a standardized MDT follow-up.

          Patients and methods  We prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed outcomes in 962 patients (female-691, 71.2 %; mean age, 44.8 ± 10.6 years, mean BMI, 37.8 ± 5.9 Kg/m 2 ) treated with Intragastric balloons (IGBs) or endoscopic gastroplasty (EG) at HM Sanchinarro University Hospital between March 2012 to January 2017. The procedures were performed by the same endoscopist and followed up by the same MDT. We compared the percentage total body weight loss (%TWBL) at 1 year. We performed linear and logistic regression to identify predictive factors for weight loss and follow-up adherence at 1 year.

          Results  Four hundred and eighty-one IGBs (Orbera-80.9 %; ReShape Duo-19.1 %), and 481 EG (Apollo ESG-51.3 %; Primary obesity surgery endoluminal-POSE-48.6 %) were performed. Only 480 patients (IGB- 45 %; EG- 55 %) completed 1 year follow-up. Among them, Apollo ESG achieved significantly higher TBWL (19.5 ± 13 %, P  = 0.035), %TBWL (17.4 ± 10.2 %, P  = 0.025), and ≥ 20 % TBWL (36.7 %, P  = 0.032). However, in linear regression after adjusting for variables, only higher initial BMI (B = 0.31, P  < 0.001) and higher percentage follow-up attendance (B = 0.24, P  < 0.001) significantly predicted %TBWL at 1 year in the completion group but not the procedure type (B = 0.02, P  = 0.72). In logistic regression, we observed female sex ( P  = 0.01), high initial BMI ( P  < 0.001), endoscopic gastroplasty ( P  = 0.04), and high 1-month %TBWL ( P  < 0.001) significantly predicted follow-up completion at 1 year.

          Conclusions  Weight loss at 1 year is dependent on MDT follow-up rather than procedure type. Endoscopic gastroplasty promoted follow-up adherence more than IGBs.

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          Most cited references32

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          Behavioral predictors of weight regain after bariatric surgery.

          After bariatric surgery, a lifelong threat of weight regain remains. Behavior influences are believed to play a modulating role in this problem. Accordingly, we sought to identify these predictors in patients with extreme obesity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). In a large tertiary hospital with an established bariatric program, including a multidisciplinary outpatient center specializing in bariatric medicine, with two bariatric surgeons, we mailed a survey to 1,117 patients after RYGB. Of these, 203 (24.8%) were completed, returned, and suitable for analysis. Respondents were excluded if they were less than 1 year after RYGB. Baseline demographic history, preoperative Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Brief Symptom Inventory-18 scores were abstracted from the subjects' medical records; pre- and postoperative well-being scores were compared. Of the study population, mean age was 50.6 +/- 9.8 years, 147 (85%) were female, and 42 (18%) were male. Preoperative weight was 134.1 +/- 23.6 kg (295 +/- 52 lb) and 170.0 +/- 29.1 kg (374.0 +/- 64.0 lb) for females and males, respectively, p or =15% from the nadir. Independent predictors of significant weight regain were increased food urges (odds ratios (OR) = 5.10, 95% CI 1.83-14.29, p = 0.002), severely decreased postoperative well-being (OR = 21.5, 95% CI 2.50-183.10, p < 0.0001), and concerns over alcohol or drug use (OR = 12.74, 95% CI 1.73-93.80, p = 0.01). Higher BDI scores were associated with lesser risk of significant weight regain (OR = 0.94 for each unit increase, 95% CI 0.91- 0.98, p = 0.001). Subjects who engaged in self-monitoring were less likely to regain any weight following bariatric surgery (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.30-0.98, p = 0.01). Although the frequency of postoperative follow-up visits was inversely related to weight regain, this variable was not statistically significant in the multivariate model. Predictors of significant postoperative weight regain after bariatric surgery include indicators of baseline increased food urges, decreased well-being, and concerns over addictive behaviors. Postoperative self-monitoring behaviors are strongly associated with freedom from regain. These data suggest that weight regain can be anticipated, in part, during the preoperative evaluation and potentially reduced with self-monitoring strategies after RYGB.
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            ASGE Bariatric Endoscopy Task Force systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE PIVI thresholds for adopting endoscopic bariatric therapies.

            The increasing global burden of obesity and its associated comorbidities has created an urgent need for additional treatment options to fight this pandemic. Endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) provide an effective and minimally invasive treatment approach to obesity that would increase treatment options beyond surgery, medications, and lifestyle measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) Bariatric Endoscopy Task Force comprising experts in the subject area and the ASGE Technology Committee Chair to specifically assess whether acceptable performance thresholds outlined by an ASGE Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable endoscopic Innovations (PIVI) document for clinical adoption of available EBTs have been met. After conducting a comprehensive search of several English-language databases, we performed direct meta-analyses by using random-effects models to assess whether the Orbera intragastric balloon (IGB) (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, Tex) and the EndoBarrier duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve (DJBS) (GI Dynamics, Lexington, Mass) have met the PIVI thresholds. The meta-analyses results indicate that the Orbera IGB meets the PIVI thresholds for both primary and nonprimary bridge obesity therapy. Based on a meta-analysis of 17 studies including 1683 patients, the percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) with the Orbera IGB at 12 months was 25.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.47%-29.41%) (random model) with a mean difference in %EWL over controls of 26.9% (95% CI, 15.66%-38.24%; P ≤ .01) in 3 randomized, controlled trials. Furthermore, the pooled percentage of total body weight loss (% TBWL) after Orbera IGB implantation was 12.3% (95% CI, 7.9%–16.73%), 13.16% (95% CI, 12.37%–13.95%), and 11.27% (95% CI, 8.17%–14.36%) at 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation, respectively, thus exceeding the PIVI threshold of 5% TBWL for nonprimary (bridge) obesity therapy. With the data available, the DJBS liner does appear to meet the %EWL PIVI threshold at 12 months, resulting in 35% EWL (95% CI, 24%-46%) but does not meet the 15% EWL over control required by the PIVI. We await review of the pivotal trial data on the efficacy and safety of this device. Data are insufficient to evaluate PIVI thresholds for any other EBT at this time. Both evaluated EBTs had ≤5% incidence of serious adverse events as set by the PIVI document to indicate acceptable safety profiles. Our task force consequently recognizes the Orbera IGB for meeting the PIVI criteria for the management of obesity. As additional data from the other EBTs become available, we will update our recommendations accordingly.
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              Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty Alters Gastric Physiology and Induces Loss of Body Weight in Obese Individuals.

              Although bariatric surgery is the most effective therapy for obesity, only a small proportion of candidates undergo this surgery. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally invasive procedure that reduces the size of the gastric reservoir. We investigated its durability and effects on body weight and gastrointestinal function in a prospective study of obese individuals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Endosc Int Open
                Endosc Int Open
                10.1055/s-00025476
                Endoscopy International Open
                © Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Stuttgart · New York )
                2364-3722
                2196-9736
                December 2019
                02 December 2019
                : 7
                : 12
                : E1691-E1698
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Bariatric Endoscopy Unit, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
                [2 ]Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
                [3 ]Ciber of Obesity and Nutrition Pathophysiology (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                Corresponding author Ravishankar Asokkumar Singapore General Hospital – Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology The Academia 20 College Road Singapore 169608Singapore+62273623 ravishnkr03@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.1055/a-1007-1769
                6887647
                31803819
                34244b4b-6888-4e10-b179-026937afce42

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 May 2019
                : 16 August 2019
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