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      Neuroendocrine System of the Skin

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          Abstract

          Evidence is accumulating that the skin can serve as a peripheral neuroendocrine organ. The skin neuroendocrine activities are predominantly independent of regulation from the central level (which controls classical hormone secretion) but are rather regulated by local cutaneous factors. These endocrine factors would represent an exquisite regulatory layer addressed at restricting maximally the effect of noxious agents in the skin to preserve local and consequently global homeostasis.

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          Most cited references54

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          Hair follicle pigmentation.

          K U Schallreuter, P Plonka, Ralf Paus … (2004)
          Hair shaft melanin components (eu- or/and pheomelanin) are a long-lived record of precise interactions in the hair follicle pigmentary unit, e.g., between follicular melanocytes, keratinocytes, and dermal papilla fibroblasts. Follicular melanogenesis (FM) involves sequentially the melanogenic activity of follicular melanocytes, the transfer of melanin granules into cortical and medulla keratinocytes, and the formation of pigmented hair shafts. This activity is in turn regulated by an array of enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins, transporters, and receptors and their ligands, acting on the developmental stages, cellular, and hair follicle levels. FM is stringently coupled to the anagen stage of the hair cycle, being switched-off in catagen to remain absent through telogen. At the organ level FM is precisely coupled to the life cycle of melanocytes with changes in their compartmental distribution and accelerated melanoblast/melanocyte differentiation with enhanced secretory activity. The melanocyte compartments in the upper hair follicle also provides a reservoir for the repigmentation of epidermis and, for the cyclic formation of new anagen hair bulbs. Melanin synthesis and pigment transfer to bulb keratinocytes are dependent on the availability of melanin precursors, and regulation by signal transduction pathways intrinsic to skin and hair follicle, which are both receptor dependent and independent, act through auto-, para- or intracrine mechanisms and can be modified by hormonal signals. The important regulators are MC1 receptor its and adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, agouti protein ligands (in rodents), c-Kit, and the endothelin receptors with their ligands. Melanin itself has a wide range of bioactivities that extend far beyond its determination of hair color.
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            The cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system: securing a place under the sun.

            Andrzej T. Slominski, Martin D. Tobin, J Wortsman (2005)
            It was recently discovered that mammalian skin can produce serotonin and transform it into melatonin. Pathways for the biosynthesis and biodegradation of serotonin and melatonin have been characterized in human and rodent skin and in their major cellular populations. Moreover, receptors for serotonin and melatonin receptors are expressed in keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts and these mediate phenotypic actions on cellular proliferation and differentiation. Melatonin exerts receptor-independent effects, including activation of pathways protective of oxidative stress and the modification of cellular metabolism. While serotonin is known to have several roles in skin-e.g., pro-edema, vasodilatory, proinflammatory, and pruritogenic-melatonin has been experimentally implicated in hair growth cycling, pigmentation physiology, and melanoma control. Thus, the widespread expression of a cutaneous seorotoninergic/melatoninergic syste,m(s) indicates considerable selectivity of action to facilitate intra-, auto-, or paracrine mechanisms that define and influence skin function in a highly compartmentalized manner. Notably, the cutaneous melatoninergic system is organized to respond to continuous stimulation in contrast to the pineal gland, which (being insulated from the external environment) responds to discontinuous activation by the circadian clock. Overall, the cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system could counteract or buffer external (environmental) or internal stresses to preserve the biological integrity of the organ and to maintain its homeostasis.-Slominski, A. J., Wortsman, J., Tobin, D. J. The cutaneous serotoninergic/melatoninergic system: securing a place under the sun.
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              Evidence for melatonin synthesis in mouse and human bone marrow cells.

              Andrea Conti, E Hertens, K Skwarlo-Sonta … (2000)
              Recently, it was demonstrated that inbred strains of mice have a clearcut circadian rhythm of pineal and serum melatonin. Moreover, it is known that melatonin is involved in many immunoregulatory functions. Among them, hematopoiesis is influenced by the action of melatonin via melatonin-induced opioids on kappa-opioid receptors, which are present on stromal bone marrow cells. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the presence of melatonin in the bone marrow in which immunocompetent cells are generated. Specifically, we aimed at answering the following question: are bone marrow cells involved in melatonin synthesis? In the present study, we demonstrate that (1) bone marrow cells contain high concentrations of melatonin; (2) bone marrow cells have a N-acetyltransferase activity and they express the mRNA encoding hydroxy-O-methyltransferase and (3) bone marrow cells cultured for a prolonged period exhibited high levels of melatonin. Results presented here suggest that mouse and human bone marrow and bone marrow cells are capable of de novo synthesis of melatonin, which may have intracellular and or paracrine functions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DRM
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dermatology
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1018-8665
                Title: Dermatology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1018-8665
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9832
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2005
                Publication date (Print): October 2005
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 November 2005
                Volume: 211
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 199-208
                Affiliations
                Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tenn., USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 87012 Pmcid ID: PMC2790059 Other ID: Dermatology 2005;211:199–208
                DOI: 10.1159/000087012
                PMC ID: PMC2790059
                PubMed ID: 16205064
                SO-VID: 35c78e58-2580-4bbc-a10e-1bcc8bdb755b
                Copyright © © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 6, References: 73, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: William J. Cunliffe Scientific Awards

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis,Secosteroids,Neuroendocrine system, cutaneous,Serotoninergic/melatoninergic system,Hormones,Neurohormones,Neuropeptides,Steroids
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, Secosteroids, Neuroendocrine system, cutaneous, Serotoninergic/melatoninergic system, Hormones, Neurohormones, Neuropeptides, Steroids

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