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      Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus

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          Abstract

          Extensive evidence indicates that aerosol transmission of influenza occurs and should be taken into account for pandemic planning.

          Abstract

          In theory, influenza viruses can be transmitted through aerosols, large droplets, or direct contact with secretions (or fomites). These 3 modes are not mutually exclusive. Published findings that support the occurrence of aerosol transmission were reviewed to assess the importance of this mode of transmission. Published evidence indicates that aerosol transmission of influenza can be an important mode of transmission, which has obvious implications for pandemic influenza planning and in particular for recommendations about the use of N95 respirators as part of personal protective equipment.

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          Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway.

          Kyoko Shinya, Masahito Ebina, Shinya Yamada … (2006)
          Although more than 100 people have been infected by H5N1 influenza A viruses, human-to-human transmission is rare. What are the molecular barriers limiting human-to-human transmission? Here we demonstrate an anatomical difference in the distribution in the human airway of the different binding molecules preferred by the avian and human influenza viruses. The respective molecules are sialic acid linked to galactose by an alpha-2,3 linkage (SAalpha2,3Gal) and by an alpha-2,6 linkage (SAalpha2,6Gal). Our findings may provide a rational explanation for why H5N1 viruses at present rarely infect and spread between humans although they can replicate efficiently in the lungs.
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            Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans.

            John H Beigel, Jeremy Farrar, Aye Han … (2005)
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              H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract.

              Debby van Riel, Vincent J Munster, Emmie de Wit … (2006)
              Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) may cause severe lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease in humans. However, the LRT cells to which the virus attaches are unknown for both humans and other mammals. We show here that H5N1 virus attached predominantly to type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and nonciliated bronchiolar cells in the human LRT, and this pattern was most closely mirrored in cat and ferret tissues. These findings may explain, at least in part, the localization and severity of H5N1 viral pneumonia in humans. They also identify the cat and the ferret as suitable experimental animals based on this criterion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): November 2006
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 1657-1662
                Affiliations
                [* ]Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
                [† ]University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Raymond Tellier, Division of Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; email: raymond.tellier@ 123456sickkids.ca
                Article
                Publisher ID: 06-0426
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1211.060426
                PMC ID: 3372341
                PubMed ID: 17283614
                SO-VID: 37510ece-5581-46fe-aebe-51c09d33d92c
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: pandemic planning,influenza,perspective,personal protective equipment,avian influenza,aerosol transmission
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: pandemic planning, influenza, perspective, personal protective equipment, avian influenza, aerosol transmission

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