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      Influence of hormonal contraceptives and the occurrence of stroke: integrative review Translated title: Influência de anticoncepcionais hormonais e ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral: revisão integrativa Translated title: Influencia de anticonceptivos hormonales y acaecimiento de accidente vascular cerebral: revisión integradora

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To identify scientific evidence regarding the influence of hormonal contraceptive use and the occurrence of stroke. Method: Integrative review of the literature, through database search using the descriptors "contraceptive agents", "contraceptive devices", "contraceptives, Oral" and "Stroke". Original studies in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published in full and available online were included. Studies that did not answer our guiding questions and duplicated studies were excluded. Results: Women using combined oral contraceptives have higher risk of stroke, even with a lower hormonal dosage and different types of progestogen, regardless of the duration of use. The use of contraceptives associated with smoking, hypertension, migraine, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and sedentary lifestyle increases the chance of stroke. Contraceptive patch and vaginal ring are associated to increased risk. Conclusion: Use of combined hormonal contraceptives, except for the injectable and the transdermal ones, increases the chance of occurrence of the event. Progestogen-only contraceptives were considered safe.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas acerca da influência do uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais na ocorrência do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura, com pesquisa em bases de dados, utilizando os descritores "contraceptive agents", "contraceptive devices", "contraceptives, Oral" e "stroke". Foram incluídos artigos originais nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, publicados na íntegra e disponíveis eletronicamente. Foram excluídos artigos que não respondiam às questões norteadoras e repetidos. Resultados: Usuárias de anticoncepcional oral combinado apresentam risco maior de AVC, mesmo com dosagem hormonal menor e diferentes tipos de progestágeno, independente do tempo de uso. A presença associada de tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, enxaqueca, hipercolesterolemia, obesidade e sedentarismo aumenta a chance desse desfecho. Adesivo anticoncepcional e anel vaginal são relacionados ao aumento desse risco. Conclusão: A exposição aos anticoncepcionais hormonais combinados aumenta a chance de ocorrência do evento, exceto o injetável e o transdérmico. Os exclusivos de progestágeno foram considerados seguros.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Estudiar las evidencias científicas acerca de la influencia del uso de anticonceptivos hormonales en el acaecimiento de accidentes cerebrales vasculares (ACV). Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura, realizada mediante investigación científica en bases de datos, utilizando los descriptores "anticonceptivos", "dispositivos anticonceptivos", "anticonceptivos orales" y "derrame cerebral". Se incluyeron artículos originales en los idiomas portugués, español e inglés, publicados en su totalidad y disponibles electrónicamente. Se excluyeron los artículos repetidos y aquéllos que no respondían a las cuestiones orientadoras. Resultados: Las usuarias de anticoncepcional oral combinado presentan un riesgo mayor de ACV, inclusive con dosis hormonal menor y diferentes tipos de progestágeno, independientemente del tiempo de utilización. La presencia del tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, jaqueca, hipercolesterolemia, obesidad y sedentarismo aumenta la probabilidad de ese desenlace. El adhesivo anticonceptivo y el anillo vaginal están relacionados con el aumento de ese riesgo. Conclusión: La utilización de anticonceptivos hormonales combinados aumenta la probabilidad del acaecimiento del evento, excepto con el inyectable y el transdérmico. Los exclusivos de progestágeno se consideran seguros.

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          Most cited references36

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          Risk factors for venous and arterial thrombosis.

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            Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception.

            Although several studies have assessed the risk of venous thromboembolism with newer hormonal contraception, few have examined thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction, and results have been conflicting. In this 15-year Danish historical cohort study, we followed nonpregnant women, 15 to 49 years old, with no history of cardiovascular disease or cancer. Data on use of hormonal contraception, clinical end points, and potential confounders were obtained from four national registries. A total of 1,626,158 women contributed 14,251,063 person-years of observation, during which 3311 thrombotic strokes (21.4 per 100,000 person-years) and 1725 myocardial infarctions (10.1 per 100,000 person-years) occurred. As compared with nonuse, current use of oral contraceptives that included ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 30 to 40 μg was associated with the following relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction, according to progestin type: norethindrone, 2.2 (1.5 to 3.2) and 2.3 (1.3 to 3.9); levonorgestrel, 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) and 2.0 (1.6 to 2.5); norgestimate, 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) and 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9); desogestrel, 2.2 (1.8 to 2.7) and 2.1 (1.5 to 2.8); gestodene, 1.8 (1.6 to 2.0) and 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3); and drospirenone, 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2) and 1.7 (1.0 to 2.6), respectively. With ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 20 μg, the corresponding relative risks according to progestin type were as follows: desogestrel, 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9) and 1.6 (1.1 to 2.1); gestodene, 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1) and 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9); and drospirenone, 0.9 (0.2 to 3.5) and 0.0. For transdermal patches, the corresponding relative risks were 3.2 (0.8 to 12.6) and 0.0, and for a vaginal ring, 2.5 (1.4 to 4.4) and 2.1 (0.7 to 6.5). Although the absolute risks of thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction associated with the use of hormonal contraception were low, the risk was increased by a factor of 0.9 to 1.7 with oral contraceptives that included ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 20 μg and by a factor of 1.3 to 2.3 with those that included ethinyl estradiol at a dose of 30 to 40 μg, with relatively small differences in risk according to progestin type. (Funded by the Danish Heart Association.).
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              Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

              Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have been associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, i.e. myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. However, as these diseases are rare in young women and as many types of combined oral contraception exist, the magnitude of the risk and the effect of different hormonal contents of COC preparations remain unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                reben
                Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem
                Rev. Bras. Enferm.
                Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (, DF, Brazil )
                0034-7167
                1984-0446
                June 2017
                : 70
                : 3
                : 647-655
                Affiliations
                [1] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Postgraduate Program in Nursing orgdiv2Nursing Department Brazil
                Article
                S0034-71672017000300647
                10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0056
                38fb708d-2c66-40dd-8892-0b6c1636e1d1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 March 2016
                : 02 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Acidente Vascular Cerebral,Anticoncepcionais,Dispositivos Anticoncepcionais,Anticoncepcionais Orais,Enfermagem,Accidente Cerebral Vascular,Anticonceptivos,Dispositivos Anticonceptivos,Anticonceptivos Orales,Enfermería,Stroke,Contraceptives,Contraceptive Devices,Oral Contraceptives,Nursing

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