An Ointment Consisting of the Phage Lysin LysGH15 and Apigenin for Decolonization of Methicillin-Resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  from Skin Wounds

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Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) is a common and dangerous pathogen that causes various infectious diseases. Skin damage, such as burn wounds, are at high risk of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection, which increases morbidity and mortality. The phage lysin LysGH15 exhibits highly efficient lytic activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. Apigenin (api) significantly decreases haemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes caused by S. aureus and shows anti-inflammatory function. LysGH15 and api were added to Aquaphor to form an LysGH15-api-Aquaphor (LAA) ointment. The LAA ointment simultaneously exhibited bactericidal activity against S. aureus and inhibited haemolysis. In an LAA-treated mouse model of an MRSA-infected skin wound, the mean bacterial colony count decreased to approximately 10 ² CFU/mg at 18 h after treatment (and the bacteria became undetectable at 96 h), whereas the mean count in untreated mice was approximately 10 ⁵ CFU/mg of tissue. The LAA ointment also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) and accelerated wound healing in the mouse model. These data demonstrate the potential efficacy of a combination of LysGH15 and api for use as a topical antimicrobial agent against S. aureus.

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Predictors of mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

Sebastian van Hal, Slade Jensen, Vikram Vaska … (2012)

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is an important infection with an incidence rate ranging from 20 to 50 cases/100,000 population per year. Between 10% and 30% of these patients will die from SAB. Comparatively, this accounts for a greater number of deaths than for AIDS, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis combined. Multiple factors influence outcomes for SAB patients. The most consistent predictor of mortality is age, with older patients being twice as likely to die. Except for the presence of comorbidities, the impacts of other host factors, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and immune status, are unclear. Pathogen-host interactions, especially the presence of shock and the source of SAB, are strong predictors of outcomes. Although antibiotic resistance may be associated with increased mortality, questions remain as to whether this reflects pathogen-specific factors or poorer responses to antibiotic therapy, namely, vancomycin. Optimal management relies on starting appropriate antibiotics in a timely fashion, resulting in improved outcomes for certain patient subgroups. The roles of surgery and infectious disease consultations require further study. Although the rate of mortality from SAB is declining, it remains high. Future international collaborative studies are required to tease out the relative contributions of various factors to mortality, which would enable the optimization of SAB management and patient outcomes.

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Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in wound healing.

S Schreml, B Behm, P Babilas … (2012)

In wound healing, a variety of mediators have been identified throughout the years. The mediators discussed here comprise growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. These mediators act via multiple (specific) receptors to facilitate wound closure. As research in the last years has led to many new findings, there is a need to give an overview on what is known, and on what might possibly play a role as a molecular target for future wound therapy. This review aims to keep the reader up to date with selected important and novel findings regarding growth factors, cytokines and chemokines in wound healing. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology © 2011 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares colonization at hospital admission and its effect on subsequent MRSA infection.

Helen Crouch, Sharon K. Davis, C. Florez … (2004)

Asymptomatic colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been described as a risk factor for subsequent MRSA infection. MRSA is an important nosocomial pathogen but has currently been reported in patients without typical risk factors for nosocomial acquisition. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of asymptomatic nares MRSA colonization on the development of subsequent MRSA infection. The incidence of MRSA infection was examined in patients with and patients without MRSA or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) colonization at admission to the hospital and in those who developed colonization during hospitalization. Patients admitted to 5 representative hospital units were prospectively evaluated. Nares samples were obtained for culture at admission and during hospitalization. Laboratory culture results were monitored to identify all MRSA infections that occurred during the study period and 1 year thereafter. Of the 758 patients who had cultures of nares samples performed at admission, 3.4% were colonized with MRSA, and 21% were colonized with MSSA. A total of 19% of patients with MRSA colonization at admission and 25% who acquired MRSA colonization during hospitalization developed infection with MRSA, compared with 1.5% and 2.0% of patients colonized with MSSA (P<.01) and uncolonized (P<.01), respectively, at admission. MRSA colonization at admission increased the risk of subsequent MRSA infection, compared with MSSA colonization (relative risk [RR], 13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-64) or no staphylococcal colonization (RR, 9.5; 95% CI, 3.6-25) at admission. Acquisition of MRSA colonization also increased the risk for subsequent MRSA infection, compared with no acquisition (RR, 12; 95% CI, 4.0-38). MRSA colonization of nares, either present at admission to the hospital or acquired during hospitalization, increases the risk for MRSA infection. Identifying MRSA colonization at admission could target a high-risk population that may benefit from interventions to decrease the risk for subsequent MRSA infection.

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Viruses

Journal ID (publisher-id): viruses

Title: Viruses

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915

Publication date (Electronic): 06 May 2018

Publication date Collection: May 2018

Volume: 10

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: 244

Affiliations

[1 ]Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Road 5333#, Changchun 130062, China; mengjun_c@ 123456163.com (M.C.); zhanglei222565@ 123456126.com (L.Z.); ZhangHao9914@ 123456163.com (H.Z.); vetboss@ 123456163.com (X.L.); wym01230307@ 123456163.com (Y.W.); xiafei0126@ 123456126.com (F.X.); terrence0604@ 123456gmail.com (B.W.); saycall850@ 123456126.com (R.C.); zhangyf324@ 123456163.com (Y.Z.); jiyalu120@ 123456163.com (Y.J.); schangjiang@ 123456126.com (C.S.); xinple@ 123456163.com (X.F.); leiliancheng@ 123456163.com (L.L.); youngjune@ 123456jlu.edu.cn (Y.Y.); hanwy@ 123456jlu.edu.cn (W.H.)

[2 ]Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130117, China

[3 ]First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; amily2222@ 123456163.com

[4 ]Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: jingmin0629@ 123456163.com ; Tel./Fax: +86-431-8783-6406

[†]

These authors contribute equally to this manuscript.

Article

Publisher ID: viruses-10-00244

DOI: 10.3390/v10050244

PMC ID: 5977237

PubMed ID: 29734776

SO-VID: 3958d1a3-f938-468b-99b3-2b766a8f2b4c

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

An Ointment Consisting of the Phage Lysin LysGH15 and Apigenin for Decolonization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Skin Wounds

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Most cited references 42

Predictors of mortality in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in wound healing.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares colonization at hospital admission and its effect on subsequent MRSA infection.

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