Hypomagnesemia and its relation with chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity

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Abstract

Summary Introduction: The accumulation of visceral fat in obesity is associated with excessive production of proinflammatory adipokines, which contributes to low-grade chronic inflammation state. Moreover, the literature has shown that mineral deficiency, in particular of magnesium, has important role in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disorder with relevant clinical repercussions. Objective: To bring updated information about the participation of hypomagnesemia in the manifestation of low-grade chronic inflammation in obese individuals. Method: Articles published in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and ScienceDirect, using the following keywords: "obesity," "magnesium" and "low grade inflammation." Results: Scientific evidence suggests that magnesium deficiency favors the manifestation of low-grade chronic inflammation in obese subjects. Conclusion: From literature data, it is evident the participation of magnesium through biochemical and metabolic reactions in protecting against this metabolic disorder present in obesity.

Translated abstract

Resumo Introdução: O acúmulo de gordura visceral na obesidade está associado à produção excessiva de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, o que contribui para o estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau. A literatura também tem mostrado que a deficiência de minerais, em particular do magnésio, possui papel importante na patogênese desse distúrbio metabólico com repercussões clínicas relevantes. Objetivo: Trazer informações atualizadas sobre a participação da hipomagnesemia na inflamação crônica de baixo grau em indivíduos obesos. Método: Bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e ScienceDirect, utilizando as palavras-chave: "obesity", "magnesium" e "low grade inflammation". Resultados: As evidências científicas sugerem que a deficiência de magnésio favorece a manifestação da inflamação crônica de baixo grau em indivíduos obesos. Conclusão: É evidente a participação do magnésio, por meio de reações bioquímicas e metabólicas, na proteção contra esse distúrbio metabólico presente na obesidade.

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Most cited references 57

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Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health.

Stella L Volpe (2013)

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral and the second most abundant intracellular divalent cation and has been recognized as a cofactor for >300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some of the processes in which magnesium is a cofactor include, but are not limited to, protein synthesis, cellular energy production and storage, reproduction, DNA and RNA synthesis, and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Magnesium also plays a critical role in nerve transmission, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular conduction, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure, and glucose and insulin metabolism. Because of magnesium's many functions within the body, it plays a major role in disease prevention and overall health. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases including migraine headaches, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Good food sources of magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and white potatoes (tubers). This review presents recent research in the areas of magnesium and chronic disease, with the goal of emphasizing magnesium's role in disease prevention and overall health.

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Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

John M. Miller, Thang V. Pham, Phuong-Mai T Pham … (2007)

Hypomagnesemia has been reported to occur at an increased frequency among patients with type 2 diabetes compared with their counterparts without diabetes. Despite numerous reports linking hypomagnesemia to chronic diabetic complications, attention to this issue is poor among clinicians. This article reviews the literature on the metabolism of magnesium, incidence of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, implicated contributing factors, and associated complications. Hypomagnesemia occurs at an incidence of 13.5 to 47.7% among patients with type 2 diabetes. Poor dietary intake, autonomic dysfunction, altered insulin metabolism, glomerular hyperfiltration, osmotic diuresis, recurrent metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, and hypokalemia may be contributory. Hypomagnesemia has been linked to poor glycemic control, coronary artery diseases, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcerations. The increased incidence of hypomagnesemia among patients with type 2 diabetes presumably is multifactorial. Because current data suggest adverse outcomes in association with hypomagnesemia, it is prudent to monitor magnesium routinely in this patient population and treat the condition whenever possible.

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Magnesium and the inflammatory response: potential physiopathological implications.

Yves Rayssiguier, Wojciech Nowacki, Elyett Gueux … (2007)

The purpose of this review is to summarize experimental findings showing that magnesium modulates cellular events involved in inflammation. Experimental magnesium deficiency in the rat induces after a few days a clinical inflammatory syndrome characterized by leukocyte and macrophage activation, release of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, excessive production of free radicals. Increase in extracellular magnesium concentration, decreases inflammatory response while reduction in the extracellular magnesium results in cell activation. Because magnesium acts as a natural calcium antagonist, the molecular basis for inflammatory response is probably the result of modulation of intracellular calcium concentration. The priming of phagocytic cells, the opening calcium channel and activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) have been considered as potential mechanisms. Moreover, magnesium deficiency induces a systemic stress response by activation of neuro endocrinological pathways. As nervous and immune systems interact bidirectionally, the roles of neuromediators have also been considered. Magnesium deficiency contributes to an exaggerated response to immune stress and oxidative stress is the consequence of the inflammatory response. Inflammation contributes to the pro-atherogenic changes in lipoprotein metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, hypertension and explains the aggravating effect of magnesium deficiency on the development of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are still needed to assess more accurately the role of magnesium in immune response in humans, but these experimental findings in animal models suggest that inflammation is the missing link to explain the role of magnesium in many pathological conditions.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ana Raquel Soares de Oliveira: Role: ND

Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz: Role: ND

Juliana Soares Severo: Role: ND

Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais: Role: ND

Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas: Role: ND

Rogério Santiago Araújo: Role: ND

Dilina do Nascimento Marreiro: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): ramb

Title: Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira

Abbreviated Title: Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

Publisher: Associação Médica Brasileira (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )

ISSN (Print): 0104-4230

ISSN (Electronic): 1806-9282

Publication date (Print and electronic): February 2017

Volume: 63

Issue: 2

Pages: 156-163

Affiliations

[2] Teresina Piauí orgnameUniversidade Federal do Piauí Brazil

[5] Teresina Piauí orgnameUniversidade Federal do Piauí orgdiv1Department of Nutrition Brazil

[1] Teresina Piauí orgnameUniversidade Federal do Piauí Brazil

[3] Teresina Piauí orgnameUniversidade Federal do Piauí Brazil

[4] Teresina Piauí orgnameUniversidade Federal do Piauí orgdiv1Department of General Practice Brazil

Article

Publisher ID: S0104-42302017000200156

DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.156

PubMed ID: 28355377

SO-VID: 39926268-f9f0-46ce-80e2-006c46374cf3

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 23 May 2016

Date accepted : 31 May 2016

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 60, Pages: 8

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SciELO Brazil

Keywords: obesidade,magnésio,inflamação crônica de baixo grau,obesity,magnesium,low-grade inflammation

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Keywords: obesidade, magnésio, inflamação crônica de baixo grau, obesity, magnesium, low-grade inflammation

Hypomagnesemia and its relation with chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity Translated title: Hipomagnesemia e sua relação com a inflamação crônica de baixo grau na obesidade

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Most cited references 57

Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health.

Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Magnesium and the inflammatory response: potential physiopathological implications.

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