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      Brazilian Vaccinia Viruses and Their Origins

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          Abstract

          Genetic diversity enables this virus to persist in Brazil and other parts of the world.

          Abstract

          Although the World Health Organization (WHO) declared global smallpox eradicated in 1980, concerns over emergent poxvirus infections have increased. Most poxvirus infections are zoonotic; exploring their genetic diversity will illuminate the genetic and evolutionary aspects of poxvirus infections, ecology, and epidemiology. In recent decades, several strains of the orthopoxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) have been isolated throughout Brazil, including many genetically distinct isolates within the same outbreak. To further investigate the diversity and origins of these viruses, we analyzed molecular data from 8 Brazilian VACV isolates and compared several genes involved in virus structure and pathogenicity. Genetic variation among isolates suggests that ancestral Brazilian VACVs existed before the beginning of the WHO smallpox eradication vaccination campaigns and that these viruses continue to circulate.

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          MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees.

          J P Huelsenbeck, F Ronquist (2001)
          The program MRBAYES performs Bayesian inference of phylogeny using a variant of Markov chain Monte Carlo. MRBAYES, including the source code, documentation, sample data files, and an executable, is available at http://brahms.biology.rochester.edu/software.html.
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            An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine.

            Clarissa R. Damaso, Heather J Esposito, N Moussatché … (2000)
            The biological properties of poxvirus isolates from skin lesions on dairy cows and milkers during recent exanthem episodes in Cantagalo County, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were more like vaccinia virus (VV) than cowpox virus. PCR amplification of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene substantiated the isolate classification as an Old World orthopoxvirus, and alignment of the HA sequences with those of other orthopoxviruses indicated that all the isolates represented a single strain of VV, which we have designated Cantagalo virus (CTGV). HA sequences of the Brazilian smallpox vaccine strain (VV-IOC), used over 20 years ago, and CTGV showed 98.2% identity; phylogeny inference of CTGV, VV-IOC, and 12 VV strains placed VV-IOC and CTGV together in a distinct clade. Viral DNA restriction patterns and protein profiles showed a few differences between VV-IOC and CTGV. Together, the data suggested that CTGV may have derived from VV-IOC by persisting in an indigenous animal(s), accumulating polymorphisms, and now emerging in cattle and milkers as CTGV. CTGV may represent the first case of long-term persistence of vaccinia in the New World. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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              PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses.

              Heather J Esposito, R Massung, Q. Jin … (1995)
              Rapid identification and differentiation of orthopoxviruses by PCR were achieved with primers based on genome sequences encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, an infected-cell membrane antigen that distinguishes orthopoxviruses from other poxvirus genera. The initial identification step used a primer pair of consensus sequences for amplifying an HA DNA fragment from the three known North American orthopoxviruses (raccoonpox, skunkpox, and volepox viruses), and a second pair for amplifying virtually the entire HA open reading frame of the Eurasian-African orthopoxviruses (variola, vaccinia, cowpox, monkeypox, camelpox, ectromelia, and gerbilpox viruses). RsaI digest electropherograms of the amplified DNAs of the former subgroup provided species differentiation, and TaqI digests differentiated the Eurasian-African orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia virus from the vaccinia virus subspecies buffalopox virus. Endonuclease HhaI digest patterns distinguished smallpox variola major viruses from alastrim variola minor viruses. For the Eurasian-African orthopoxviruses, a confirmatory step that used a set of higher-sequence-homology primers was developed to provide sensitivity to discern individual virus HA DNAs from cross-contaminated orthopoxvirus DNA samples; TaqI and HhaI digestions of the individual amplified HA DNAs confirmed virus identity. Finally, a set of primers and modified PCR conditions were developed on the basis of base sequence differences within the HA genes of the 10 species, which enabled production of a single DNA fragment of a particular size that indicated the specific species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): July 2007
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 965-972
                Affiliations
                [* ]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
                [† ]Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
                [1 ]These authors contributed equally to this work.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Inger Damon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop G43, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; email: idamon@ 123456cdc.gov
                Article
                Publisher ID: 06-1404
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1307.061404
                PMC ID: 2878226
                PubMed ID: 18214166
                SO-VID: 399a2718-625b-46f2-81e5-bf24680ddf2c
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: genetic diversity,vaccinia virus,brazil,perspective
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: genetic diversity, vaccinia virus, brazil, perspective

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