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      The Neural Signals of the Superior Ovarian Nerve Modulate in an Asymmetric Way the Ovarian Steroidogenic Response to the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

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          Abstract

          The superior ovarian nerve (SON) provides neuropeptide-Y, norepinephrine and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to the ovaries. Ovarian steroidogenesis is modulated by the SON. In the cyclic rat, the acute steroidogenic response to ovarian microinjection of VIP is asymmetric and varies during the estrous cycle. In the present study, we analyze whether the differential effects of VIP in each ovary are modulated by the neural signals arriving through the SON. Cyclic female rats were submitted on diestrus-1, diestrus-2, proestrus, or estrus to a unilateral section of the SON, and immediately afterward, the denervated ovary was either microinjected or not with VIP. Animals were sacrificed 1 h after treatment. The injection of VIP into the left denervated ovary performed on diestrus-1 decreased progesterone levels in comparison with the left SON sectioning group; similar effects were observed on proestrus when VIP was injected into either of the denervated ovaries. Compared to the left SON sectioning group, VIP treatment into the left denervated ovary on diestrus-2 or proestrus decreased testosterone levels, whereas on diestrus-1, proestrus or estrus, the same treatment resulted in higher estradiol levels. Compared to the right SON sectioning group, VIP injected into the right denervated ovary yielded higher testosterone levels on diestrus-1 and estrus and lower testosterone levels on proestrus. VIP injection into the right denervated ovary increased estradiol levels on diestrus-2 or estrus while decreasing them on proestrus. Our results indicate that in the adult cyclic rat, the set neural signals arriving to the ovaries through the SON asymmetrically modulate the role of VIP on steroid hormone secretion, depending on the endocrine status of the animal. The results also support the hypothesis that the left and right ovary respond differently to the VIPergic stimulus.

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          Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerations

          F. K. MARCONDES, F. BIANCHI, A P Tanno (2002)
          The short length of the estrous cycle of rats makes them ideal for investigation of changes occurring during the reproductive cycle. The estrous cycle lasts four days and is characterized as: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, which may be determined according to the cell types observed in the vaginal smear. Since the collection of vaginal secretion and the use of stained material generally takes some time, the aim of the present work was to provide researchers with some helpful considerations about the determination of the rat estrous cycle phases in a fast and practical way. Vaginal secretion of thirty female rats was collected every morning during a month and unstained native material was observed using the microscope without the aid of the condenser lens. Using the 10 x objective lens, it was easier to analyze the proportion among the three cellular types, which are present in the vaginal smear. Using the 40 x objective lens, it is easier to recognize each one of these cellular types. The collection of vaginal lavage from the animals, the observation of the material, in the microscope, and the determination of the estrous cycle phase of all the thirty female rats took 15-20 minutes.
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            Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions.

            Arnold E. Postlethwaite, Georgios Nikolakis, R Manna … (2013)
            The skin has developed a hierarchy of systems that encompasses the skin immune and local steroidogenic activities in order to protect the body against the external environment and biological factors and to maintain local homeostasis. Most recently it has been established that skin cells contain the entire biochemical apparatus necessary for production of glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens either from precursors of systemic origin or, alternatively, through the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and its subsequent transformation to biologically active steroids. Examples of these products are corticosterone, cortisol, testosterone, dihydrotesterone and estradiol. Their local production can be regulated by locally produced corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cytokines. Furthermore the production of glucocorticoids is affected by ultraviolet B radiation. The level of production and nature of the final steroid products are dependent on the cell type or cutaneous compartment, e.g., epidermis, dermis, adnexal structures or adipose tissue. Locally produced glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens affect functions of the epidermis and adnexal structures as well as local immune activity. Malfunction of these steroidogenic activities can lead to inflammatory disorders or autoimmune diseases. The cutaneous steroidogenic system can also have systemic effects, which are emphasized by significant skin contribution to circulating androgens and/or estrogens. Furthermore, local activity of CYP11A1 can produce novel 7Δ-steroids and secosteroids that are biologically active. Therefore, modulation of local steroidogenic activity may serve as a new therapeutic approach for treatment of inflammatory disorders, autoimmune processes or other skin disorders. In conclusion, the skin can be defined as an independent steroidogenic organ, whose activity can affect its functions and the development of local or systemic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Changes in sympathetic nerve activity of the mammalian ovary during a normal estrous cycle and in polycystic ovary syndrome: Studies on norepinephrine release.

              A Mayerhofer, Vanda A U F Souza, M Venegas … (2002)
              Although it has been known for many years that the ovary is innervated by catecholaminergic nerve fibers and much experimental evidence has strengthened the notion that catecholamines are physiologically involved in the control of ovarian function, scarce evidence has been presented as to the role of sympathetic activity in ovarian pathologies that affect reproductive function. The purpose of this article is to provide a succinct overview of the findings in this area and discuss them relative to the pathology of polycystic ovary syndrome, the most common ovarian pathology in women during their reproductive years. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
              Article 0 comments Cited 43 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Physiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Physiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Physiol.
                Title: Frontiers in Physiology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-042X
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1142
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico , Mexico City, Mexico
                [2] 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Puebla, Mexico
                Author notes

                Edited by: Katja Teerds, Wageningen University and Research, Netherlands

                Reviewed by: Seunghyung Lee, Kangwon National University, South Korea; John S. Davis, University of Nebraska Medical Center, United States

                *Correspondence: Leticia Morales-Ledesma, moralesledesma@ 123456yahoo.com.mx

                This article was submitted to Reproduction, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01142
                PMC ID: 6110177
                PubMed ID: 30177887
                SO-VID: 3b17d0fd-ad39-4d84-af5b-7b927a8882bc
                Copyright © Copyright © 2018 Rosas, Linares, Ramírez, Vieyra, Trujillo, Domínguez and Morales-Ledesma.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 23 March 2018
                Date accepted : 30 July 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip),superior ovarian nerve (son),estrous cycle,asymmetries,progesterone,testosterone,estradiol
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip), superior ovarian nerve (son), estrous cycle, asymmetries, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol

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