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      Antidiabetic Effects of Tea

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          Abstract

          Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease resulted from insulin secretory defect or insulin resistance and it is a leading cause of death around the world. The care of DM patients consumes a huge budget due to the high frequency of consultations and long hospitalizations, making DM a serious threat to both human health and global economies. Tea contains abundant polyphenols and caffeine which showed antidiabetic activity, so the development of antidiabetic medications from tea and its extracts is increasingly receiving attention. However, the results claiming an association between tea consumption and reduced DM risk are inconsistent. The advances in the epidemiologic evidence and the underlying antidiabetic mechanisms of tea are reviewed in this paper. The inconsistent results and the possible causes behind them are also discussed.

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          Isolation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a NF-E2-like basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator that binds to the tandem NF-E2/AP1 repeat of the beta-globin locus control region.

          P Moi, K. Chan, I Asunis … (1994)
          Hypersensitive site 2 located in the beta-globin locus control region confers high levels of expression to the genes of the beta-globin cluster. A tandem repeat of the consensus sequence for the transcription factors AP1 and NF-E2 (activating protein 1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2, respectively) is present within hypersensitive site 2 and is absolutely required for strong enhancer activity. This sequence binds, in vitro and in vivo, to ubiquitous proteins of the AP1 family and to the recently cloned erythroid-specific transcription factor NF-E2. Using the tandem repeat as a recognition site probe to screen a lambda gt11 cDNA expression library from K562 cells, we isolated several DNA binding proteins. Here, we report the characterization of one of the clones isolated. The gene, which we named Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2), is encoded within a 2.2-kb transcript and predicts a 66-kDa protein with a basic leucine zipper DNA binding domain highly homologous to that of NF-E2. Although Nrf2 is expressed ubiquitously, a role of this protein in mediating enhancer activity of hypersensitive site 2 in erythroid cells cannot be excluded. In this respect, Nrf2 contains a powerful acidic activation domain that may participate in the transcriptional stimulation of beta-globin genes.
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            Cell biology of protein misfolding: the examples of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

            Dennis Selkoe (2004)
            The salutary intersection of fundamental cell biology with the study of disease is well illustrated by the emerging elucidation of neurodegenerative disorders. Novel mechanisms in cell biology have been uncovered through disease-orientated research; for example, the discovery of presenilin as an intramembrane aspartyl protease that processes many diverse proteins within the lipid bilayer. A common theme has arisen in this field: normally-soluble proteins accumulate, misfold and oligomerize, inducing cytotoxic effects that are particularly devastating in the post-mitotic milieu of the neuron.
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              New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

              D Moller (2001)
              An insidious increase in features of the 'metabolic syndrome' - obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia -- has conspired to produce a worldwide epidemic of type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Most current therapies for this disease were developed in the absence of defined molecular targets or an understanding of disease pathogenesis. Emerging knowledge of key pathogenic mechanisms, such as the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the role of 'lipotoxicity' as a probable cause of hepatic and muscle resistance to insulin's effects on glucose metabolism, has led to a host of new molecular drug targets. Several have been validated through genetic engineering in mice or the preliminary use of lead compounds and therapeutic agents in animals and humans.
              Article 0 comments Cited 177 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Solomon Habtemariam: Role: Academic Editor
                Giovanni Lentini: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 May 2017
                Publication date Collection: May 2017
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 849
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 21516103@ 123456zju.edu.cn (Q.-Y.F.); qsli@ 123456zju.edu.cn (Q.-S.L.); 21516097@ 123456zju.edu.cn (X.-M.L.); ryqiao@ 123456zju.edu.cn (R.-Y.Q.); kexiaonao@ 123456163.com (R.Y.); 21616096@ 123456zju.edu.cn (X.-M.L.); xqzheng@ 123456zju.edu.cn (X.-Q.Z.); jllu@ 123456zju.edu.cn (J.-L.L.)
                [2 ]Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325035, China; dozhanbo@ 123456gmail.com
                [3 ]National Tea and Tea product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Guizhou), Zunyi 563100, China; gzzyzj_2009@ 123456vip.sina.com
                [4 ]Yuyuanchun Tea Limited, Jufeng Town, Rizhao 276812, China; yuyuanchun@ 123456126.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: jianhuiye@ 123456zju.edu.cn (J.-H.Y.); yrliang@ 123456zju.edu.cn (Y.-R.L.); Tel.: +86-571-8898-2704 (J.-H.Y.); +86-571-8898-2704 (Y.-R.L.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-22-00849
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050849
                PMC ID: 6154530
                PubMed ID: 28531120
                SO-VID: 3ba5353b-d7ea-4956-906a-a66f20e56a2c
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 April 2017
                Date accepted : 18 May 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: camellia sinensis,tea catechins,tea polysaccharides,caffeine,diabetes mellitus,epidemiological analysis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: camellia sinensis, tea catechins, tea polysaccharides, caffeine, diabetes mellitus, epidemiological analysis

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