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      Anemia and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children Born to Mothers with HIV in Western Kenya

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          Abstract

          The objective of this study was to determine and compare anemia and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) rates in young Kenyan children who are HIV infected (HI), HIV exposed, uninfected (HEU), and HIV unexposed (HU). Questionnaires, anthropometrics, and blood samples were collected from HI, HEU, and HU aged 18 to 36 months. Descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact tests, and linear regression were used for analysis. Of 137 total participants, HI (n = 18), HEU (n = 70), and HU (n = 49), 61.1%, 53.6%, and 36.7%, respectively, were anemic, with mean hemoglobin levels highest in HU ( P = .006). After adjusting for covariates, HI (β = −9.6, 95% CI:−17.3 to −2.0) and HEU (β = −7.4, 95% CI: −12.9 to −1.9) had lower hemoglobin levels compared with HU. The proportion of children with IDA did not differ significantly across groups ( P = .08). HEU have rates of anemia and IDA similar to HI. Anemia risk is generally higher in HEU than HU, even after adjusting for covariates.

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          The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners

          Paul Harris, Robert Taylor, Brenda Minor … (2019)
          The Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) data management platform was developed in 2004 to address an institutional need at Vanderbilt University, then shared with a limited number of adopting sites beginning in 2006. Given bi-directional benefit in early sharing experiments, we created a broader consortium sharing and support model for any academic, non-profit, or government partner wishing to adopt the software. Our sharing framework and consortium-based support model have evolved over time along with the size of the consortium (currently more than 3200 REDCap partners across 128 countries). While the "REDCap Consortium" model represents only one example of how to build and disseminate a software platform, lessons learned from our approach may assist other research institutions seeking to build and disseminate innovative technologies.
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            Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data

            Gretchen Stevens, Mariel Finucane, Luz María De-Regil … (2013)
            Summary Background Low haemoglobin concentrations and anaemia are important risk factors for the health and development of women and children. We estimated trends in the distributions of haemoglobin concentration and in the prevalence of anaemia and severe anaemia in young children and pregnant and non-pregnant women between 1995 and 2011. Methods We obtained data about haemoglobin and anaemia for children aged 6–59 months and women of childbearing age (15–49 years) from 257 population-representative data sources from 107 countries worldwide. We used health, nutrition, and household surveys; summary statistics from WHO's Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System; and summary statistics reported by other national and international agencies. We used a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model to estimate haemoglobin distributions and systematically addressed missing data, non-linear time trends, and representativeness of data sources. We quantified the uncertainty of our estimates. Findings Global mean haemoglobin improved slightly between 1995 and 2011, from 125 g/L (95% credibility interval 123–126) to 126 g/L (124–128) in non-pregnant women, from 112 g/L (111–113) to 114 g/L (112–116) in pregnant women, and from 109 g/L (107–111) to 111 g/L (110–113) in children. Anaemia prevalence decreased from 33% (29–37) to 29% (24–35) in non-pregnant women, from 43% (39–47) to 38% (34–43) in pregnant women, and from 47% (43–51) to 43% (38–47) in children. These prevalences translated to 496 million (409–595 million) non-pregnant women, 32 million (28–36 million) pregnant women, and 273 million (242–304 million) children with anaemia in 2011. In 2011, concentrations of mean haemoglobin were lowest and anaemia prevalence was highest in south Asia and central and west Africa. Interpretation Children's and women's haemoglobin statuses improved in some regions where concentrations had been low in the 1990s, leading to a modest global increase in mean haemoglobin and a reduction in anaemia prevalence. Further improvements are needed in some regions, particularly south Asia and central and west Africa, to improve the health of women and children and achieve global targets for reducing anaemia. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grand Challenges Canada, and the UK Medical Research Council.
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              Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005.

              Erin McLean, Mary Cogswell, Ines Egli … (2009)
              To provide current global and regional estimates of anaemia prevalence and number of persons affected in the total population and by population subgroup. We used anaemia prevalence data from the WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System for 1993-2005 to generate anaemia prevalence estimates for countries with data representative at the national level or at the first administrative level that is below the national level. For countries without eligible data, we employed regression-based estimates, which used the UN Human Development Index (HDI) and other health indicators. We combined country estimates, weighted by their population, to estimate anaemia prevalence at the global level, by UN Regions and by category of human development. Survey data covered 48.8 % of the global population, 76.1 % of preschool-aged children, 69.0 % of pregnant women and 73.5 % of non-pregnant women. The estimated global anaemia prevalence is 24.8 % (95 % CI 22.9, 26.7 %), affecting 1.62 billion people (95 % CI 1.50, 1.74 billion). Estimated anaemia prevalence is 47.4 % (95 % CI 45.7, 49.1 %) in preschool-aged children, 41.8 % (95 % CI 39.9, 43.8 %) in pregnant women and 30.2 % (95 % CI 28.7, 31.6 %) in non-pregnant women. In numbers, 293 million (95 % CI 282, 303 million) preschool-aged children, 56 million (95 % CI 54, 59 million) pregnant women and 468 million (95 % CI 446, 491 million) non-pregnant women are affected. Anaemia affects one-quarter of the world's population and is concentrated in preschool-aged children and women, making it a global public health problem. Data on relative contributions of causal factors are lacking, however, which makes it difficult to effectively address the problem.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob Pediatr Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob Pediatr Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GPH
                Journal ID (hwp): spgph
                Title: Global Pediatric Health
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2333-794X
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2333794X21991035
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
                [2 ]Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
                [3 ]Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
                [4 ]Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Megan S. McHenry, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5853, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Email: msuhl@ 123456iu.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-0928
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_2333794X21991035
                DOI: 10.1177/2333794X21991035
                PMC ID: 7905722
                SO-VID: 3cdcf54e-faa5-41ae-a413-a1698ecf2f40
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Date received : 18 October 2020
                Date accepted : 7 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100006975;
                Award ID: n/a
                Funded by: Morris Green Physician Scientist Development Program, ;
                Funded by: national institutes of health, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: T32AI007637
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-December 2021
                typesetter ts1

                Keywords: hiv,anemia,sub-saharan africa,children,kenya
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hiv, anemia, sub-saharan africa, children, kenya

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