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      Photoplethysmographic imaging of high spatial resolution

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          Abstract

          We present a new method of formation photoplethysmographic images with high spatial resolution from video recordings of a living body in the reflection geometry. The method (patent pending) is based on lock-in amplification of every pixel of the recorded video frames. A reference function required for synchronous detection of cardiovascular pulse waves is formed from the same frames. The method is featured by ability to visualize dynamic changes in cardiovascular pulse wave during the cardiac (or respiratory) cycle. We demonstrate that the system is capable to detect the minimal irritations of the body such as gentle scratching of the skin by own finger.

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          The Optics of Human Skin

          R Rox Anderson, John Parrish (1981)
          Article 0 comments Cited 285 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Non-contact, automated cardiac pulse measurements using video imaging and blind source separation.

            Ming-Zher Poh, Daniel McDuff, Rosalind Picard (2010)
            Remote measurements of the cardiac pulse can provide comfortable physiological assessment without electrodes. However, attempts so far are non-automated, susceptible to motion artifacts and typically expensive. In this paper, we introduce a new methodology that overcomes these problems. This novel approach can be applied to color video recordings of the human face and is based on automatic face tracking along with blind source separation of the color channels into independent components. Using Bland-Altman and correlation analysis, we compared the cardiac pulse rate extracted from videos recorded by a basic webcam to an FDA-approved finger blood volume pulse (BVP) sensor and achieved high accuracy and correlation even in the presence of movement artifacts. Furthermore, we applied this technique to perform heart rate measurements from three participants simultaneously. This is the first demonstration of a low-cost accurate video-based method for contact-free heart rate measurements that is automated, motion-tolerant and capable of performing concomitant measurements on more than one person at a time. (c) 2010 Optical Society of America.
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              Laser Doppler, speckle and related techniques for blood perfusion mapping and imaging.

              J D Briers (2001)
              Laser Doppler velocimetry uses the frequency shift produced by the Doppler effect to measure velocity. It can be used to monitor blood flow or other tissue movement in the body. Laser speckle is a random interference effect that gives a grainy appearance to objects illuminated by laser light. If the object consists of individual moving scatterers (such as blood cells), the speckle pattern fluctuates. These fluctuations provide information about the velocity distribution of the scatterers. It can be shown that the speckle and Doppler approaches are different ways of looking at the same phenomenon. Both these techniques measure at a single point. If a map of the velocity distribution is required, some form of scanning must be introduced. This has been done for both time-varying speckle and laser Doppler. However, with the speckle technique it is also possible to devise a full-field technique that gives an instantaneous map of velocities in real time. This review article presents the theory and practice of these techniques using a tutorial approach and compares the relative merits of the scanning and full-field approaches to velocity map imaging. The article concludes with a review of reported applications of these techniques to blood perfusion mapping and imaging.
              Article 0 comments Cited 107 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Opt Express
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BOE
                Title: Biomedical Optics Express
                Publisher: Optical Society of America
                ISSN (Electronic): 2156-7085
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 March 2011
                Publication date Collection: 01 April 2011
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 March 2011
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 996-1006
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
                [2 ]Optics Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ensenada-Tijuana No. 391, Fracc. Zona Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, Mexico
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: 141696
                DOI: 10.1364/BOE.2.000996
                PMC ID: 3072138
                PubMed ID: 21483621
                SO-VID: 3d0c9c58-4025-44ce-96ec-349f3a18c047
                Copyright © ©2011 Optical Society of America
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License, which permits download and redistribution, provided that the original work is properly cited. This license restricts the article from being modified or used commercially.

                History
                Date received : 27 January 2011
                Date revision received : 20 March 2011
                Date accepted : 21 March 2011
                Funding
                Funded by: Academy of Finland
                Award ID: 128582
                Categories
                Subject: Functional Imaging
                Custom metadata
                OpenAccess True
                OpenAccessEmbargo 0

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences
                Keywords: (280.4991) passive remote sensing,(170.3880) medical and biological imaging
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Vision sciences
                Keywords: (280.4991) passive remote sensing, (170.3880) medical and biological imaging

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