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Abstract
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that are crucial for proper
brain development and function. Three major classes of glia in the central nervous
system (CNS) include astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. These cells have
dynamic morphological and functional properties and constantly surveil neural activity
throughout life, sculpting synaptic plasticity. Astrocytes form part of the tripartite
synapse with neurons and perform many homeostatic functions essential to proper synaptic
function including clearing neurotransmitter and regulating ion balance; they can
modify these properties, in addition to additional mechanisms such as gliotransmitter
release, to influence short- and long-term plasticity. Microglia, the resident macrophage
of the CNS, monitor synaptic activity and can eliminate synapses by phagocytosis or
modify synapses by release of cytokines or neurotrophic factors. Oligodendrocytes
regulate speed of action potential conduction and efficiency of information exchange
through the formation of myelin, having important consequences for the plasticity
of neural circuits. A deeper understanding of how glia modulate synaptic and circuit
plasticity will further our understanding of the ongoing changes that take place throughout
life in the dynamic environment of the CNS.