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      Etiology and Factors Affecting Severe Complications and Mortality of Febrile Neutropenia in Children with Acute Leukemia Translated title: Akut Lösemili Çocuklarda Febril Nötropeni Etiyolojisi ile Ciddi Komplikasyon ve Mortalite Üzerine Etkili Faktörler

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an important complication that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in patients with malignancies. We aimed to investigate the etiology, epidemiological distribution and its change over the years, clinical courses, and outcomes of FN in children with acute leukemia.

          Materials and Methods:

          We retrospectively analyzed the demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory results, severe complications, and mortality rates of pediatric patients with FN between January 2010 and December 2020.

          Results:

          In 153 patients, a total of 450 FN episodes (FNEs) occurred. Eighty-four (54.9%) of these patients were male, the median age of the patients was 6.5 (range: 3-12.2) years, and 127 patients (83%) were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Fever with a focus was found in approximately half of the patients, and an etiology was identified for 38.7% of the patients. The most common fever focus was bloodstream infection (n=74, 16.5%). Etiologically, a bacterial infection was identified in 22.7% (n=102), a viral infection in 13.3% (n=60), and a fungal infection in 5.8% (n=26) of the episodes. Twenty-six (23.2%) of a total of 112 bacteria were multidrug resistant (MDR) The rate of severe complications was 7.8% (n=35) and the mortality rate was 2% (n=9). In logistic regression analysis, refractory/relapsed malignancies and high C-reactive protein (CRP) at first admission were found to be the most important independent risk factors for mortality. Prolonged neutropenia after chemotherapy, diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia, identification of fever focus or etiological agents, invasive fungal infections, polymicrobial infections, and need for intravenous immunoglobulin treatment increased the frequency of severe complications.

          Conclusion:

          We found that there was no significant change in the epidemiological distribution or frequency of resistant bacteria in our center in the last 10 years compared to previous years. Prolonged duration of fever, relapsed/refractory malignancies, presence of fever focus, and high CRP level were significant risk factors for poor clinical course and outcome.

          Translated abstract

          Amaç:

          Febril nötropeni (FN), malignitesi olan hastalarda morbidite ve mortaliteye neden olan en önemli komplikasyonlardan biridir. Akut lösemili çocuklarda FN etiyolojisini, epidemiyolojik dağılımını ve yıllar içindeki değişimini, klinik seyrini ve sonuçlarını araştırmayı amaçladık.

          Gereç ve Yöntemler:

          Ocak 2010 ile Aralık 2020 arasında FN’li çocuk hastaların demografik verilerini, klinik özelliklerini, laboratuvar sonuçlarını, ciddi komplikasyonlarını ve ölüm oranlarını retrospektif olarak inceledik.

          Bulgular:

          Yüz elli üç hastada toplam 450 FN epizodu (FNE) meydana geldi. Bu hastaların 84’ü (%54,9) erkekti, hastaların ortanca yaşı 6,5 (3-12,2) yıldı ve 127 hastaya (%83) akut lenfoblastik lösemi tanısı kondu. Ateş odağı hastaların yaklaşık yarısında vardı ve hastaların %38,7’sinde etiyolojik bir mikroorganizma saptandı. En sık görülen ateş odağı kan dolaşımı enfeksiyonuydu (n=74, %16,5). Etiyolojik olarak epizotların %22,7’sinde (n=102) bakteriyel enfeksiyon, %13,3’ünde (n=60) viral enfeksiyon ve %5,8'inde (n=26) mantar enfeksiyonları saptandı. Toplam 112 bakterinin 26’sı (%23,2) antibiyotiğe dirençliydi. Ciddi komplikasyon oranı %7,8 (n=35) ve mortalite oranı %2 (n=9) idi. Lojistik regresyon analizinde refrakter/relaps maligniteler ve ilk başvuruda yüksek C-reaktif protein (CRP) mortalite için en önemli bağımsız risk faktörleri olarak bulundu. Kemoterapi sonrası uzamış nötropeni, akut myeloid lösemi tanısı, ateş odağı veya etiyolojik ajanların saptanması, invaziv mantar enfeksiyonları, polimikrobiyal enfeksiyonlar ve intravenöz immünoglobulin tedavisi ciddi komplikasyon sıklığını artırdı.

          Sonuç:

          Son 10 yılda merkezimizde dirençli bakterilerin epidemiyolojik dağılımında veya sıklığında önceki yıllara göre anlamlı bir değişiklik olmadığını saptadık. Uzamış ateş süresi, refrakter/relaps maligniteler, ateş odağının varlığı ve yüksek CRP düzeyi kötü klinik seyir ve sonuçlar için önemli risk faktörleriydi.

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          Most cited references44

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          Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america.

          This document updates and expands the initial Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Fever and Neutropenia Guideline that was published in 1997 and first updated in 2002. It is intended as a guide for the use of antimicrobial agents in managing patients with cancer who experience chemotherapy-induced fever and neutropenia. Recent advances in antimicrobial drug development and technology, clinical trial results, and extensive clinical experience have informed the approaches and recommendations herein. Because the previous iteration of this guideline in 2002, we have a developed a clearer definition of which populations of patients with cancer may benefit most from antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral prophylaxis. Furthermore, categorizing neutropenic patients as being at high risk or low risk for infection according to presenting signs and symptoms, underlying cancer, type of therapy, and medical comorbidities has become essential to the treatment algorithm. Risk stratification is a recommended starting point for managing patients with fever and neutropenia. In addition, earlier detection of invasive fungal infections has led to debate regarding optimal use of empirical or preemptive antifungal therapy, although algorithms are still evolving. What has not changed is the indication for immediate empirical antibiotic therapy. It remains true that all patients who present with fever and neutropenia should be treated swiftly and broadly with antibiotics to treat both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Finally, we note that all Panel members are from institutions in the United States or Canada; thus, these guidelines were developed in the context of North American practices. Some recommendations may not be as applicable outside of North America, in areas where differences in available antibiotics, in the predominant pathogens, and/or in health care-associated economic conditions exist. Regardless of venue, clinical vigilance and immediate treatment are the universal keys to managing neutropenic patients with fever and/or infection.
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            Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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              The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index: A multinational scoring system for identifying low-risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients.

              Febrile neutropenia remains a potentially life-threatening complication of anticancer chemotherapy, but some patients are at low risk for serious medical complications. The purpose of this study was to develop an internationally validated scoring system to identify these patients. Febrile neutropenic cancer patients were observed in a prospective multinational study. Independent factors assessable at fever onset, predicting low risk of complications, on a randomly selected derivation set, were assigned integer weights to develop a risk-index score, which was subsequently tested on a validation set. On the derivation set (756 patients), predictive factors were a burden of illness indicating absence of symptoms or mild symptoms (weight, 5; odds ratio [OR], 8.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.15 to 16.38) or moderate symptoms (weight, 3; OR, 3.70; 95% CI, 2.18 to 6.29); absence of hypotension (weight, 5; OR, 7.62; 95% CI, 2.91 to 19.89); absence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (weight, 4; OR, 5. 35; 95% CI, 1.86 to 15.46); presence of solid tumor or absence of previous fungal infection in patients with hematologic malignancies (weight, 4; OR, 5.07; 95% CI, 1.97 to 12.95); outpatient status (weight, 3; OR, 3.51; 95% CI, 2.02 to 6.04); absence of dehydration (weight, 3; OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.89 to 7.73); and age less than 60 years (weight, 2; OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.51 to 4.01). On the validation set, a Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk-index score >/= 21 identified low-risk patients with a positive predictive value of 91%, specificity of 68%, and sensitivity of 71%. The risk index accurately identifies patients at low risk for complications and may be used to select patients for testing therapeutic strategies that may be more convenient or cost-effective.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Turk J Haematol
                Turk J Haematol
                TJH
                Turkish Journal of Hematology
                Galenos Publishing
                1300-7777
                1308-5263
                September 2023
                31 August 2023
                : 40
                : 3
                : 143-153
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İzmir, Türkiye
                [2 ]Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İzmir, Türkiye
                [3 ]Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, İzmir, Türkiye
                Author notes
                * Address for Correspondence: Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İzmir, Türkiye E-mail: iremceren_arslan@ 123456hotmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-979X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-4758
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-5039
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4300-3311
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-0809
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0051-4274
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-1025
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-3734
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5760-8007
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1513-1797
                Article
                61872
                10.4274/tjh.galenos.2023.2023.0185
                10476243
                37525503
                3e57ad34-0791-45f4-ae29-aca201d9fcff
                © Copyright 2023 by Turkish Society of Hematology / Turkish Journal of Hematology, Published by Galenos Publishing House.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 6 May 2023
                : 31 July 2023
                Categories
                Research Article

                febrile neutropenia,risk factors,mortality,infectious diseases,pediatric cancer

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