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      Associations between individual cognitive factors, mode of exposure and depression symptoms in practitioners working with aversive crime material Translated title: Asociación entre los factores cognitivos individuales, modo de exposición y síntomas de depresión en profesionales que trabajan con material criminológico aversivo Translated title: 处理令人厌恶的犯罪材料的从业者的个人认知因素、暴露模式和抑郁症状之间的关联

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: There is extensive literature on front-line officers and investigators exposure to trauma and its negative impact on them. However, there are analytical practitioners in law enforcement who indirectly work with the traumatic experiences of other people daily, but are seldom the focus of academic research.

          Objective: Our goal was to conduct the first international study with these practitioners to identify the risk of depression symptoms and establish whether potentially modifiable risk factors (belief in a just world, mental imagery and thought suppression) and work-related characteristics (medium of exposure) are associated with depression.

          Method: 99 analysts and secondary investigators employed in police and law enforcement organizations from the UK, Europe and Canada participated in the study. The online survey was advertised to employees via their employers but hosted without employer access. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data.

          Results: After controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, previous exposure to trauma, and marital status, four potential risk factors were identified. Analytical practitioners with vivid mental imagery, those exposed to crime material via auditory and visual means, those who suppressed intrusive thoughts, and those who believed in a just world reported more depressive symptoms.

          Conclusions: The majority of our sample reported clinical levels of depressive symptoms. Four potential risk factors accounted for just under half of the variance in depression scores. We consider strategies that can be used to mitigate the potential negative influence of these factors and suggest that these are established as risk factors for depression symptoms via future longitudinal research.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Analytical practitioners are exposed to aversive crime material on a daily basis. The impact of their work and the individual and work-related risk factors are currently unknown.

          • In this sample, 52% of analytical practitioners had moderate depression symptoms, and 37% had severe depression symptoms.

          • Modality of exposure (both auditory and visual exposure), belief in a just world, thought suppression, and mental imagery are potential modifiable risk factors.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Existe una amplia literatura sobre la exposición de agentes e investigadores de primera línea al trauma y su impacto negativo en ellos. Sin embargo, hay profesionales analíticos en las fuerzas del orden que trabajan indirectamente a diario con las experiencias traumáticas de otras personas, pero que rara vez son el foco de la investigación académica.

          Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue realizar el primer estudio internacional con estos profesionales para identificar el riesgo de síntomas de depresión y establecer si los factores de riesgo potencialmente modificables (creencia en un mundo justo, imágenes mentales y supresión de pensamientos) y las características relacionadas con el trabajo (medio de exposición) están asociados con la depresión.

          Método: Participaron en el estudio 99 analistas e investigadores secundarios empleados en la policía y organizaciones encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley en el Reino Unido, Europa y Canadá. La encuesta en línea se anunció a los empleados a través de sus empleadores, pero se realizó sin acceso del empleador. Se utilizó regresión múltiple para analizar los datos.

          Resultados: Después de controlar por edad, género, origen étnico, exposición previa a un trauma y estado civil, se identificaron cuatro factores de riesgo potenciales. Los profesionales analíticos con imágenes mentales vívidas, los expuestos a material criminal a través de medios auditivos y visuales, los que suprimieron los pensamientos intrusivos y los que creían en un mundo justo informaron más síntomas depresivos.

          Conclusiones: La mayoría de nuestra muestra reportó niveles clínicos de síntomas depresivos. Cuatro factores de riesgo potenciales representaron poco menos de la mitad de la varianza en las puntuaciones de depresión. Consideramos estrategias que pueden usarse para mitigar las posibles influencias negativas de estos factores y sugerimos que se establezcan como factores de riesgo para los síntomas de depresión a través de futuras investigaciones longitudinales.

          Translated abstract

          背景:有大量关于一线官员和调查人员暴露于创伤及其负面影响的文献。然而,执法部门有一些分析从业者每天间接地处理他人的创伤经历,但很少成为学术研究的焦点。

          目的:我们旨在与这些从业者进行第一项国际研究,以确定抑郁症状的风险,并确定是否存在潜在可改变的抑郁相关风险因素(对公正世界的信念、心理意象和思想抑制)和工作相关特征(暴露媒介) )。

          方法:来自英国、欧洲和加拿大的警察和执法机构雇用的 99名分析师和二级调查员参与了这项研究。该在线调查是通过雇主向员工发布的,但雇主没有访问权限。使用多元回归来分析数据。

          结果:在控制年龄、性别、种族、既往创伤经历和婚姻状况后,确定了四个潜在的风险因素。具有生动心理意象的分析从业者、那些通过听觉和视觉方式暴露犯罪材料的人、那些抑制闯入性想法的人以及那些相信公正世界的人报告了更多的抑郁症状。

          结论:我们的大多数样本报告了抑郁症状的临床水平。四个潜在的风险因素占抑郁评分差异的一半以下。我们考虑可用于减轻这些因素的潜在负面影响的策略,并建议通过未来的纵向研究将这些因素确定为抑郁症状的风险因素。

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            The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education

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              Cognition and depression: current status and future directions.

              Cognitive theories of depression posit that people's thoughts, inferences, attitudes, and interpretations, and the way in which they attend to and recall information, can increase their risk for depression. Three mechanisms have been implicated in the relation between biased cognitive processing and the dysregulation of emotion in depression: inhibitory processes and deficits in working memory, ruminative responses to negative mood states and negative life events, and the inability to use positive and rewarding stimuli to regulate negative mood. In this review, we present a contemporary characterization of depressive cognition and discuss how different cognitive processes are related not only to each other, but also to emotion dysregulation, the hallmark feature of depression. We conclude that depression is characterized by increased elaboration of negative information, by difficulties disengaging from negative material, and by deficits in cognitive control when processing negative information. We discuss treatment implications of these conclusions and argue that the study of cognitive aspects of depression must be broadened by investigating neural and genetic factors that are related to cognitive dysfunction in this disorder. Such integrative investigations should help us gain a more comprehensive understanding of how cognitive and biological factors interact to affect the onset, maintenance, and course of depression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                26 October 2023
                2023
                26 October 2023
                : 14
                : 2
                : 2264612
                Affiliations
                School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Fazeelat Duran f.l.duran@ 123456bham.ac.uk School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , 52 Pritchatts road, Edgbaston B15 2TT
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-8448
                Article
                2264612
                10.1080/20008066.2023.2264612
                10763876
                37881889
                3e9809ef-83f6-4d5d-9afb-f15e1bd3f022
                © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Basic Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                depressive symptoms,aversive crime material,modifiable risk factors,mental imagery,thought suppression,belief in a just world,depresión,creencia en un mundo justo,supresión del pensamiento,imágenes mentales,material criminológico aversivo,factores de riesgo modificables,抑郁;对公正世界的信念;思想抑制;心理意象;令人厌恶的犯罪材料;可改变的风险因素

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