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      Identification of compounds with antipyretic effects and anti-endotoxin activity in different species of Lonicera japonica using spectrum-effect correlation

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          Abstract

          Liquid chromatography (LC) is a common and straight forward approach used in the evaluation of the quality of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). Quality control is a critical step when systematically assessing the efficacy of TCMs. In the present study, the spectrum-effect correlation method was used to identify pharmacologically active substances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying correlations between common chemical compounds with antipyretic effects and the anti-endotoxin activity of Lonicera japonica. The common chemical constituents of Lonicera japonica were analyzed using LC, and the antipyretic effects and anti-endotoxin activity were determined using ELISAs. Combining the results of bivariate and principal component analysis methods, eight active constituents were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results of these analyses indicated that neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acids A, B and C served a synergistic role with respect to antipyretic effects and anti-endotoxin activity. The present study lays a foundation for the future clinical use of Lonicera japonica.

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          Exotoxins and endotoxins: Inducers of inflammatory cytokines

          Jean-Marc Cavaillon (2018)
          Endotoxins and exotoxins are among the most potent bacterial inducers of cytokines. During infectious processes, the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), gamma interferon (IFNγ) and chemokines orchestrates the anti-infectious innate immune response. However, an overzealous production, leading up to a cytokine storm, can be deleterious and contributes to mortality consecutive to sepsis or toxic shock syndrome. Endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) are particularly inflammatory because they generate auto-amplificatory loops after activation of monocytes/macrophages. LPS and numerous pore-forming exotoxins also activate the inflammasome, the molecular platform that allows the release of mature IL-1β and IL-18. Among exotoxins, some behave as superantigens, and as such activate the release of cytokines by T-lymphocytes. In most cases, pre-exposure to exotoxins enhances the cytokine production induced by LPS and its lethality, whereas pre-exposure to endotoxin usually results in tolerance. In this review we recall the various steps, which, from the very early discovery of pyrogenicity induced by bacterial products, ended to the discovery of the endogenous pyrogen. Furthermore, we compare the specific characteristics of endotoxins and exotoxins in their capacity to induce inflammatory cytokines.
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            Phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and future research of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl: A review.

            Zhaoyi Wang, Qing Xia, Xin Liu … (2018)
            Forsythiae Fructus (called Lianqiao in Chinese), the fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, is utilized as a common traditional medicine in China, Japan and Korea. It is traditionally used to treat pyrexia, inflammation, gonorrhea, carbuncle and erysipelas. Depending on the different harvest time, Forsythiae Fructus can be classified into two forms, namely Qingqiao and Laoqiao. The greenish fruits that start to ripen are collected as Qingqiao, while the yellow fruits that are fully ripe are collected as Laoqiao. Both are applied to medical use. This review aims to provide a systematic summary of F. suspensa (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) and to reveal the correlation between the traditional uses and pharmacological activities so as to offer inspiration for future research.
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              Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae flos: a systematic review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology

              Yuke Li, Wen. Li, Chaomei Fu … (2019)
              Lonicerae japonicae flos (called Jinyinhua, JYH in Chinese), flowers or flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunberg, is an extremely used traditional edible-medicinal herb. Pharmacological studies have already proved JYH ideal clinical therapeutic effects on inflammation and infectious diseases and prominent effects on multiple targets in vitro and in vivo, such as pro-inflammatory protein inducible nitric oxide synthase, toll-like receptor 4, interleukin-1 receptor. JYH and Lonicerae flos [called Shanyinhua, SYH in Chinese, flowers or flower buds of Lonicera hypoglauca Miquel, Lonicera confusa De Candolle or Lonicera macrantha (D.Don) Spreng] which belongs to the same family of JYH were once recorded as same herb in multiple versions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP). However, they were listed as two different herbs in 2005 Edition ChP, leading to endless controversy since they have close proximity on plant species, appearances and functions, together with traditional applications. In the past decades, there has no literature regarding to systematical comparison on the similarity concerning research achievements of the two herbs. This review comprehensively presents similarities and differences between JYH and SYH retrospectively, particularly proposing them the marked differences in botanies, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities which can be used as evidence of separate list of JYH and SYH. Furthermore, deficiencies on present studies have also been discussed so as to further research could use for reference.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Exp Ther Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Exp Ther Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ETM
                Title: Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1792-0981
                ISSN (Electronic): 1792-1015
                Publication date (Print): July 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 April 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 April 2021
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 665
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
                [2 ]School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
                [3 ]College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
                [4 ]Guizhou Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, P.R. China
                [5 ]Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Professor Ying Zhou, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing South Road West, Huaxi University Town, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China yingzhou71@ 123456126.com

                Abbreviations: TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; LJT, Lonicera japonica Thunb.; LFH, Lonicera fulvotomentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng; LMH, Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.; NCA, neochlorogenic acid; CA, chlorogenic acid; CCA, cryptochlorogenic acid; SLA, secologanic acid; SL, secoxyloganin; ICAB, isochlorogenic acid B; ICAA, isochlorogenic acid A; ICAC, isochlorogenic acid C; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; AVP, arginine vasopressin; ET, endotoxin; BA, bivariate analysis; PCA, principal component analysis

                Article
                Publisher ID: ETM-0-0-10097
                DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10097
                PMC ID: 8112112
                PubMed ID: 33986830
                SO-VID: 3f8d0579-2a42-4a0a-b20d-32d8f2e88416
                Copyright © Copyright: © Ding et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 11 June 2020
                Date accepted : 19 November 2020
                Funding
                Funding: The present project was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province [grant no. QKHZC (2016) 2909], Guizhou Discipline Construction Project [grant no. GNYL (2017) 008], the Guizhou Province ‘Hundred’ Innovative Talents Project [grant no. QKHRC (2015) 4032] and the Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Construction Project of Undergraduate Teaching Engineering [grant no. GZYJXGCHZ (2019) 54].
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: lonicera japonica,antipyretic effect,anti-endotoxin activity,spectrum-effect correlation,key substances
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: lonicera japonica, antipyretic effect, anti-endotoxin activity, spectrum-effect correlation, key substances

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