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      The influence of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on nociceptive transmission and the duration of facial allodynia in rats: a behavioral and Fos immunohistochemical study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Disrupted sleep is associated with a reciprocal influence on headaches and is one of the contributing factors in the process of chronicity. The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of sleep on headaches using animal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation and supradural capsaicin infusion models.

          Method

          Sprague-Dawley rats underwent REM sleep deprivation (REMSD) for 96 h. The sensory threshold to mechanical stimuli, assessed by the von Frey monofilament test, was measured during the REMSD period. Additionally, the Fos protein expression level was measured in the trigeminocervical complex, periaqueductal gray, and hypothalamus. Following supradural infusion of capsaicin, we evaluated the duration of facial allodynia for 28 days after REMSD.

          Results

          After REMSD, the sensory threshold to mechanical stimuli was significantly decreased ( p < 0.01) and Fos-positivity in the posterior ( p = 0.010) and dorsomedial hypothalamus ( p = 0.024), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray ( p = 0.016), and superficial layer of the trigeminocervical complex ( p = 0.019) were significantly increased. The duration of facial allodynia induced by supradural capsaicin infusion was significantly longer in the REM sleep deprivation and capsaicin infusion group (Day 10 PSD vs. Day 25 PSD).

          Conclusion

          The present study demonstrates that REM sleep deprivation increased nociceptive transmission from trigeminal nerve endings. Furthermore, it suggests that sleep deprivation may contribute to the chronicity of facial allodynia.

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          Most cited references43

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          Sleep deprivation selectively impairs memory consolidation for contextual fear conditioning.

          Many behavioral and electrophysiological studies in animals and humans have suggested that sleep and circadian rhythms influence memory consolidation. In rodents, hippocampus-dependent memory may be particularly sensitive to sleep deprivation after training, as spatial memory in the Morris water maze is impaired by rapid eye movement sleep deprivation following training. Spatial learning in the Morris water maze, however, requires multiple training trials and performance, as measured by time to reach the hidden platform is influenced by not only spatial learning but also procedural learning. To determine if sleep is important for the consolidation of a single-trial, hippocampus-dependent task, we sleep deprived animals for 0-5 and 5-10 h after training for contextual and cued fear conditioning. We found that sleep deprivation from 0-5 h after training for this task impaired memory consolidation for contextual fear conditioning whereas sleep deprivation from 5-10 h after training had no effect. Sleep deprivation at either time point had no effect on cued fear conditioning, a hippocampus-independent task. Previous studies have determined that memory consolidation for fear conditioning is impaired when protein kinase A and protein synthesis inhibitors are administered at the same time as when sleep deprivation is effective, suggesting that sleep deprivation may act by modifying these molecular mechanisms of memory storage.
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            Behavioral evidence of trigeminal neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve.

            Video recordings of free behavior and responses to mechanical facial stimulation were analyzed to assess whether chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the rat's infraorbital nerve (IoN) results in behavioral alterations indicative of neuropathic pain. A unilateral CCI was produced by placing loose chromic gut ligatures around the IoN. After CCI to the IoN, rats exhibited changes in both non-evoked and evoked behavior. Behavioral changes developed in two phases. Early after CCI (postoperative days 1-15), rats showed increased face-grooming activity with face-wash strokes directed to the injured nerve territory, while the responsiveness to stimulation of this area was decreased. Later after CCI (postoperative days 15-130), the prevalence of asymmetric face grooming was reduced but remained significantly increased compared to control rats. The early hyporesponsiveness was abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness: all stimulus intensities applied to the injured nerve territory evoked the "maximal" response (brisk head withdrawal, avoidance behavior plus directed face grooming). This response was never observed in control rats. Concurrently, IoN ligation rats showed a limited increase in the responsiveness to stimulation of the contralateral IoN territory, and around postoperative days 30-40 the responsiveness to stimulation of facial areas outside the IoN territories also increased. The hyperresponsiveness to stimulation of the ligated IoN territory slightly decreased from 60 d postoperative. Throughout the study, IoN ligation rats showed decreased exploratory behavior, displayed more freezing-like behavior, had a slower body weight gain, and a higher defecation rate, compared to control rats. The behavioral alterations observed after CCI to the IoN are indicative of severe sensory disturbances within the territory of the injured nerve: mechanical allodynia develops after a period of relative hypo-/anesthesia during which behavioral signs of recurrent spontaneous, aversive (possibly painful) sensations (paresthesias/dysesthesias) are maximal.
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              Fos expression in orexin neurons varies with behavioral state.

              The neuropeptide orexin (also known as hypocretin) is hypothesized to play a critical role in the regulation of sleep-wake behavior. Lack of orexin produces narcolepsy, which is characterized by poor maintenance of wakefulness and intrusions of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or REM sleep-like phenomena into wakefulness. Orexin neurons heavily innervate many aminergic nuclei that promote wakefulness and inhibit REM sleep. We hypothesized that orexin neurons should be relatively active during wakefulness and inactive during sleep. To determine the pattern of activity of orexin neurons, we recorded sleep-wake behavior, body temperature, and locomotor activity under various conditions and used double-label immunohistochemistry to measure the expression of Fos in orexin neurons of the perifornical region. In rats maintained on a 12 hr light/dark cycle, more orexin neurons had Fos immunoreactive nuclei during the night period; in animals housed in constant darkness, this activation still occurred during the subjective night. Sleep deprivation or treatment with methamphetamine also increased Fos expression in orexin neurons. In each of these experiments, Fos expression in orexin neurons correlated positively with the amount of wakefulness and correlated negatively with the amounts of non-REM and REM sleep during the preceding 2 hr. In combination with previous work, these results suggest that activation of orexin neurons may contribute to the promotion or maintenance of wakefulness. Conversely, relative inactivity of orexin neurons may allow the expression of sleep.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                antilefty4@gmail.com
                pke1001@hanmail.net
                alouet@hanmail.net
                seeback.lee@gmail.com
                manrew@catholic.ac.kr
                kimtaewon79@gmail.com
                +82-31-820-3575 , pjw5016@gmail.com
                Journal
                J Headache Pain
                J Headache Pain
                The Journal of Headache and Pain
                Springer Milan (Milan )
                1129-2369
                1129-2377
                1 March 2019
                1 March 2019
                2019
                : 20
                : 1
                : 21
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0647 8718, GRID grid.416981.3, Department of Neurology, , The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St Mary’s Hospital, ; 65-1 Geumo-dong, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi Do South Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0371 5685, GRID grid.464585.e, Department of Neurology, , The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Incheon St Mary’s Hospital, ; Incheon, South Korea
                Article
                977
                10.1186/s10194-019-0977-0
                6734525
                30823867
                3fe5fb03-942a-4133-adb7-a5f660c34930
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 26 November 2018
                : 21 February 2019
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                rem sleep deprivation,headache,facial allodynia,capsaicin
                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                rem sleep deprivation, headache, facial allodynia, capsaicin

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