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      Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for screening patients with imported malaria in a non-endemic setting Translated title: Précision diagnostique de l'amplification isothermique d'ADN en boucle (LAMP) pour le dépistage des patients avec paludisme importé dans un contexte non endémique

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          Abstract

          Background: Sensitive and easy-to-perform methods for the diagnosis of malaria are not yet available. Improving the limit of detection and following the requirements for certification are issues to be addressed in both endemic and non-endemic settings. The aim of this study was to test whether loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP) may be an alternative to microscopy or real-time PCR for the screening of imported malaria cases in non-endemic area. Results: 310 blood samples associated with 829 suspected cases of imported malaria were tested during a one year period. Microscopy (thin and thick stained blood slides, reference standard) was used for the diagnosis. Real-time PCR was used as a standard of truth, and LAMP (Meridian Malaria Plus) was used as an index test in a prospective study conducted following the Standards for Reporting Diagnosis Accuracy Studies. In the 83 positive samples, species identification was P. falciparum (n = 66), P. ovale (n = 9), P. vivax (n = 3) P. malariae (n = 3) and 2 co-infections with P. falciparum +  P.malariae. Using LAMP methods, 93 samples gave positive results, including 4 false-positives. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for LAMP tests were 100%, 98.13%, 95.51%, and 100% compared to PCR. Conclusion: High negative predictive value, and limit of detection suggest that LAMP can be used for screening of imported malaria cases in non-endemic countries when expert microscopists are not immediately available. However, the rare occurrence of non-valid results and the need for species identification and quantification of positive samples preclude the use of LAMP as a single reference method.

          Translated abstract

          Contexte : Des méthodes sensibles et faciles pour le diagnostic du paludisme sont encore attendues. Améliorer la limite de détection et répondre aux besoins de la certification sont des questions auxquelles il faut répondre tant en zone endémique que non-endémique. L'objectif de cette étude était de tester si la méthode d'amplification isothermique d'ADN en boucle (LAMP) peut être une alternative à la microscopie ou à la PCR temps réel pour le dépistage des cas de paludisme d'importation en zone non-endémique. Résultats : 310 échantillons de sang provenant de 829 suspicions de paludisme importé ont été testés pendant l'année de l'étude. La microscopie (frottis sanguins et gouttes épaisses colorées, standard de référence) a été utilisée pour le diagnostic. La PCR temps réel a été utilisée comme standard de vérité, et la LAMP (Meridian Malaria Plus) a été utilisée en méthode index dans une étude prospective conduite selon les standards pour rapporter les études d'efficacité diagnostique. Parmi les 83 échantillons positifs, l'identification des espèces était P. falciparum (n = 66), P. ovale (n = 9), P. vivax (n = 3) P. malariae (n = 3) et 2 coïnfections P. falciparum +  P. malariae. La méthode LAMP a donné 93 échantillons positifs, dont 4 faux positifs. La sensitivité, la spécificité, la valeur prédictive positive et la valeur prédictive négative pour le LAMP étaient 100 %, 98.13 %, 95.51 %, 100 % comparées à la PCR. Conclusion : Une valeur prédictive négative élevée et la limite de détection suggèrent que le LAMP peut être utilisé pour dépister les cas de paludisme d'importation en zone non-endémique lorsque des microscopistes experts ne sont pas immédiatement disponibles. Cependant, la rare possibilité de résultats non valides et le besoin d'une identification d'espèce et d'une quantification empêchent que la méthode LAMP soit utilisée comme seule méthode de référence.

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          Beyond diagnostic accuracy: the clinical utility of diagnostic tests.

          Like any other medical technology or intervention, diagnostic tests should be thoroughly evaluated before their introduction into daily practice. Increasingly, decision makers, physicians, and other users of diagnostic tests request more than simple measures of a test's analytical or technical performance and diagnostic accuracy; they would also like to see testing lead to health benefits. In this last article of our series, we introduce the notion of clinical utility, which expresses--preferably in a quantitative form--to what extent diagnostic testing improves health outcomes relative to the current best alternative, which could be some other form of testing or no testing at all. In most cases, diagnostic tests improve patient outcomes by providing information that can be used to identify patients who will benefit from helpful downstream management actions, such as effective treatment in individuals with positive test results and no treatment for those with negative results. We describe how comparative randomized clinical trials can be used to estimate clinical utility. We contrast the definition of clinical utility with that of the personal utility of tests and markers. We show how diagnostic accuracy can be linked to clinical utility through an appropriate definition of the target condition in diagnostic-accuracy studies. © 2012 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
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            Real-Time Fluorescence Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Diagnosis of Malaria

            Background Molecular diagnostic methods can complement existing tools to improve the diagnosis of malaria. However, they require good laboratory infrastructure thereby restricting their use to reference laboratories and research studies. Therefore, adopting molecular tools for routine use in malaria endemic countries will require simpler molecular platforms. The recently developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method is relatively simple and can be improved for better use in endemic countries. In this study, we attempted to improve this method for malaria diagnosis by using a simple and portable device capable of performing both the amplification and detection (by fluorescence) of LAMP in one platform. We refer to this as the RealAmp method. Methodology and Significant Findings Published genus-specific primers were used to test the utility of this method. DNA derived from different species of malaria parasites was used for the initial characterization. Clinical samples of P. falciparum were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this system compared to microscopy and a nested PCR method. Additionally, directly boiled parasite preparations were compared with a conventional DNA isolation method. The RealAmp method was found to be simple and allowed real-time detection of DNA amplification. The time to amplification varied but was generally less than 60 minutes. All human-infecting Plasmodium species were detected. The sensitivity and specificity of RealAmp in detecting P. falciparum was 96.7% and 91.7% respectively, compared to microscopy and 98.9% and 100% respectively, compared to a standard nested PCR method. In addition, this method consistently detected P. falciparum from directly boiled blood samples. Conclusion This RealAmp method has great potential as a field usable molecular tool for diagnosis of malaria. This tool can provide an alternative to conventional PCR based diagnostic methods for field use in clinical and operational programs.
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              The path to eradication: a progress report on the malaria-eliminating countries.

              In the past several years, as worldwide morbidity and mortality due to malaria have continued to decrease, the global malaria community has grown increasingly supportive of the idea of malaria eradication. In 2015, three noteworthy global documents were released-the WHO's Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership's Action and Investment to defeat Malaria 2016-2030, and From Aspiration to Action: What Will It Take to End Malaria?-that collectively advocate for malaria elimination and eradication and outline key operational, technical, and financial strategies to achieve progress toward malaria eradication. In light of this remarkable change in global attitudes toward malaria elimination and eradication, and as the malaria community debates how and when to embark on this ambitious goal, it is important to assess current progress along the path to eradication. Although low-income, high-burden countries are often the focus when discussing the substantial challenges of eradication, the progress toward elimination in middle-income, low-burden countries is a major driver of global progress and deserves better recognition. Additionally, although global support and guidance is essential for success, malaria elimination and eradication efforts will ultimately be driven at the country level and achieved in a collaborative manner, region by region. In this Review, we examine the present status of the 35 malaria-eliminating countries, summarise existing national and regional elimination goals and the regional frameworks that support them, and identify the most crucial enabling factors and potential barriers to achieving eradication by a theoretical end date of 2040.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2017
                18 December 2017
                : 24
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2017/01 )
                : 53
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon France
                [2 ] Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon France
                [3 ] Service d'accueil des Urgences, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon France
                [4 ] Service d'accueil des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron France
                [5 ] Service d'accueil des urgences, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon France
                [6 ] Service d'accueil des urgences, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre-Bénite France
                [7 ] Service des urgences/SAMU 69, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, 69003 France
                [8 ] Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, HESPER EA 7425, 69008 Lyon France
                [9 ] Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon1, 69100 Villeurbanne France
                [10 ] Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Stephane.picot@ 123456univ-lyon1.fr
                [a]

                These two authors contributed equally to the study

                Article
                parasite170107 10.1051/parasite/2017054
                10.1051/parasite/2017054
                5734902
                29251261
                40e839f7-be6c-4439-a4aa-880be95c60ed
                © C. Ponce et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2017

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 August 2017
                : 29 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article

                malaria,diagnosis,plasmodium,isothermal amplification,lamp,microscopy

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