An overview of skin lesions adapted to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Persian Medicine

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Abstract

Background

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) which is prevalent in all continents and is classified by the WHO as one of the neglected tropical diseases, existed in the past also, and discovered ancient works confirm this issue. The lack of adaptation of diseases between Persian Medicine (PM) and Modern medicine, led to no usage of effective therapeutic experiences of prior physicians.

Objective

The purpose of this study is finding skin lesions adapted to CL in PM for usage of same disease treatment in the next clinical trials, and the use of approved therapies in CL.

Methods

In a narrative review, without time limitation, documentary study was conducted for different names and clinical aspects of CL in printed and electronic resources of modern medicine such as: Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, Harper’s Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, PubMed, and Embase. Then, found names were searched in printed and electronic resources of PM such as: Al-Qanun fi al-tibb, Al-Tasrif leman ajeza an-e-Taliff, JamiTib 1.5 published by Noorsoft.org. Then, skin lesions which were similar to CL with these aspects were searched: clinical manifestation and forms, chronicity, curability, mosquito bite, were studied in references of PM. Finally, matching, syllogism and logical inference were performed and conclusion was made.

Results

Forty-five names for CL were found in the searched resources. However, only Balkhieh, Kheyroonieh and Baghdadi button were names found in PM resources. Also, from 61 studied skin lesions in PM resources, only 6 cases had similarities to CL.

Conclusion

In spite of the existence of CL’s similarity with Balkhieh, Kheyroonieh and the Baghdadi button, there are serious differentiations. Zat-ol-asl rashes and reddish solb rashes, kinds of stranger rashes, probably adapted with CL.

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Most cited references 61

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review

Karim Aoun, Aïda Bouratbine (2014)

In North African countries, cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission has been increasing since the 1980s, with a significant increase in the incidence of cases and a spread of the geographical distribution. The disease currently represents a major public health problem with a productivity gap and an impediment for development, which results in dramatic socioeconomic and psycho-sanitary impacts. The incidence is more than thousands of cases every year in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. In Egypt, only a few dozen cases per year are reported, mainly in the Sinai Peninsula. Three Leishmania species, associated with distinct eco-epidemiological and clinical patterns, are involved, namely Leishmania infantum, L. major, and L. tropica. However, L. major is by far the most frequent in Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia, with more than 90% of the registered cases. It is mainly encountered in rural areas under semi-arid, arid and Saharan climates. Leishmania tropica is more prevalent in Morocco, reaching 30–40% of isolates in some districts. Much data is still missing concerning the risk factors of the infection and the lesion development, as well as vector and reservoir ecology and behavior. The knowledge of such parameters, following multidisciplinary and integrated approaches, is crucial for better management and control of the disease, that also faces a lack of resources and efficient control measures.

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Therapeutic options for old world cutaneous leishmaniasis and new world cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

Begoña Monge-Maillo, Rogelio Lopez-Velez (2013)

Estimated worldwide incidence of tegumentary leishmaniasis (cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL] and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis [MCL]) is over 1.5 million cases per year in 82 countries, with 90 % of cases occurring in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Current treatments of CL are poorly justified and have sub-optimal effectiveness. Treatment can be based on topical or systemic regimens. These different options must be based on Leishmania species, geographic regions, and clinical presentations. In certain cases of Old World CL (OWCL), lesions can spontaneously heal without any need for therapeutic intervention. Local therapies (thermotherapy, cryotherapy, paromomycin ointment, local infiltration with antimonials) are good options with less systemic toxicity, reserving systemic treatments (azole drugs, miltefosine, antimonials, amphotericin B formulations) mainly for complex cases. The majority of New World CL (NWCL) types require systemic treatment (mainly with pentavalent antimonials), either to speed the healing or to prevent dissemination to oral-nasal mucosa as MCL (NWMCL). These types of lesions are potentially serious and always require systemic-based regimens, mainly antimonials and pentamidine; however, the associated immunotherapy is promising. This paper is an exhaustive review of the published literature on the treatment of OWCL, NWCL and NWMCL, and provides treatment recommendations stratified according to their level of evidence regarding the species of Leishmania implicated and the geographical location of the infection.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity.

C. Dye, Natasha E. C. G. Davies, A Cuentas … (1995)

A prospective longitudinal survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis (Leishmania peruviana) was carried out in Peru on a study population of 4716 persons living in 38 villages (Departments of Lima, Ancash and Piura). Demographic and clinical data were collected from all individuals, and a Montenegro skin test (MST) was carried out on 72% (3418) of the study population. Each household was revisited at 3-monthly intervals for up to 2 years to detect new leishmaniasis cases; 497 people received a second MST at the end of the study. Analysis of the epidemiological data indicated that (i) 17% (16/94) of all infections were subclinical, (ii) this percentage increased significantly with age, (iii) clinical infections led to 73.9% protective immunity (95% C.I. 53.0-85.5%) and relatively permanent MST responsiveness (recovery rate = 0.0098/year; 95% C.I. 0.000-0.020/year), (iv) sub-clinical infections led to protective immunity, which was positively correlated with their MST induration size (increasing by 17.9% per mm; P < 0.0001), and a mean MST recovery rate of 0.114/year (4/421 man-months), and (v) recurrent leishmaniasis was dominated by reactivations, not by reinfections.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Electron Physician

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Electron Physician

Journal ID (publisher-id): Electronic physician

Title: Electronic Physician

Publisher: Electronic physician

ISSN (Electronic): 2008-5842

Publication date Collection: November 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 25 November 2017

Volume: 9

Issue: 11

Pages: 5854-5862

Affiliations

[1 ]M.D., Dermatologist, Professor, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[2 ]M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[3 ]M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[4 ]Pharm.D., Ph.D. of Pharmaceutics, Professor, Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University Of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[5 ]Pharm.D., Assistant Professor, Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[6 ]Pharm.D., Ph.D. of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[7 ]M.D., Ph.D. Candidate in Persian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Persian and Complementary of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[8 ]Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran

Author notes

Corresponding author: Dr. Gholamreza Haghighi, Faculty of Persian and Complementary of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98.5138811716, Fax: +98.5138811716, Email: haghighigh901@ 123456mums.ac.ir

Article

Publisher ID: epj-09-5854

DOI: 10.19082/5854

PMC ID: 5783139

PubMed ID: 29403630

SO-VID: 41eafa22-9d01-49d8-af2c-f8d5847d5035

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

An overview of skin lesions adapted to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Persian Medicine

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Abstract

Background

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Related collections

China Tropical Medicine

Most cited references 61

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review

Therapeutic options for old world cutaneous leishmaniasis and new world cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity.

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