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      MatrixConverter: Facilitating construction of phenomic character matrices 1

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          Abstract

          Premise of the study: While numerous software packages enable scientists to evaluate molecular data and transform them for phylogenetic analyses, few such tools exist for phenomic data. We introduce MatrixConverter, a program that helps expedite and facilitate the transformation of raw phenomic character data into discrete character matrices that can be used in most evolutionary inference programs.

          Methods and Results: MatrixConverter is an open source program written in Java; a platform-independent binary executable, as well as sample data sets and a user’s manual, are available at https://github.com/gburleigh/MatrixConverter/tree/master/distribution. MatrixConverter has a simple, intuitive user interface that enables the user to immediately begin scoring phenomic characters. We demonstrate the performance of MatrixConverter on a phenomic data set from cycads.

          Conclusions: New technologies and software make it possible to obtain phenomic data from species across the tree of life, and MatrixConverter helps to transform these new data for evolutionary or ecological inference.

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          Plant structure visualization by high-resolution X-ray computed tomography.

          New developments in high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) are promising for the broader application of this non-destructive imaging method in plant sciences. Here, we demonstrate how detailed three-dimensional morphological traits can be extracted rapidly from in vivoArabidopsis thaliana seedlings without sample manipulation. Furthermore, ex vivo scanning at sub-micron resolution allows the quantification and visualization of the cellular organization of plant tissue samples, making HRXCT a desired tool in developmental plant biology. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            NeXML: Rich, Extensible, and Verifiable Representation of Comparative Data and Metadata

            In scientific research, integration and synthesis require a common understanding of where data come from, how much they can be trusted, and what they may be used for. To make such an understanding computer-accessible requires standards for exchanging richly annotated data. The challenges of conveying reusable data are particularly acute in regard to evolutionary comparative analysis, which comprises an ever-expanding list of data types, methods, research aims, and subdisciplines. To facilitate interoperability in evolutionary comparative analysis, we present NeXML, an XML standard (inspired by the current standard, NEXUS) that supports exchange of richly annotated comparative data. NeXML defines syntax for operational taxonomic units, character-state matrices, and phylogenetic trees and networks. Documents can be validated unambiguously. Importantly, any data element can be annotated, to an arbitrary degree of richness, using a system that is both flexible and rigorous. We describe how the use of NeXML by the TreeBASE and Phenoscape projects satisfies user needs that cannot be satisfied with other available file formats. By relying on XML Schema Definition, the design of NeXML facilitates the development and deployment of software for processing, transforming, and querying documents. The adoption of NeXML for practical use is facilitated by the availability of (1) an online manual with code samples and a reference to all defined elements and attributes, (2) programming toolkits in most of the languages used commonly in evolutionary informatics, and (3) input–output support in several widely used software applications. An active, open, community-based development process enables future revision and expansion of NeXML.
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              Author and article information

              Journal
              Appl Plant Sci
              Appl Plant Sci
              apps
              Applications in Plant Sciences
              Botanical Society of America
              2168-0450
              February 2015
              9 February 2015
              : 3
              : 2
              : apps.1400088
              Affiliations
              [2 ]Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118526, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
              [3 ]State Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Computer School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
              Author notes
              [1]

              Funding was received from the National Science Foundation as part of the AVAToL: Next Generation Phenomics Project (DEB-1208256). We received valuable comments and feedback during the development of this software from many participants in this project, and we especially thank Hong Cui and Maureen O’Leary for their help.

              [4 ]Author for correspondence: gburleigh@ 123456ufl.edu
              Article
              apps1400088
              10.3732/apps.1400088
              4332142
              420d9bd2-3b4f-4f48-8ac5-195eb928dbfa
              © 2015 Liu et al. Published by the Botanical Society of America

              This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY-NC-SA).

              History
              : 17 September 2014
              : 18 January 2015
              Categories
              Software Note

              matrixconverter,morphology,phenomics,phylogenetic matrix,software

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