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      Specification and epigenetic programming of the human germ line

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      Journal: Nature Reviews Genetics
      Publisher: Springer Nature

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          Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells.

          G Martin (1981)
          This report describes the establishment directly from normal preimplantation mouse embryos of a cell line that forms teratocarcinomas when injected into mice. The pluripotency of these embryonic stem cells was demonstrated conclusively by the observation that subclonal cultures, derived from isolated single cells, can differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. Such embryonic stem cells were isolated from inner cell masses of late blastocysts cultured in medium conditioned by an established teratocarcinoma stem cell line. This suggests that such conditioned medium might contain a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation or inhibits the differentiation of normal pluripotent embryonic cells, or both. This method of obtaining embryonic stem cells makes feasible the isolation of pluripotent cells lines from various types of noninbred embryo, including those carrying mutant genes. The availability of such cell lines should made possible new approaches to the study of early mammalian development.
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            Naive and primed pluripotent states.

            Jennifer Nichols, Austin Smith (2009)
            After maternal predetermination gives way to zygotic regulation, a ground state is established within the mammalian embryo. This tabula rasa for embryogenesis is present only transiently in the preimplantation epiblast. Here, we consider how unrestricted cells are first generated and then prepared for lineage commitment. We propose that two phases of pluripotency can be defined: naive and primed. This distinction extends to pluripotent stem cells derived from embryos or by molecular reprogramming ex vivo.
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              Sperm tsRNAs contribute to intergenerational inheritance of an acquired metabolic disorder.

              Q. Chen, M. Yan, Z. Cao … (2016)
              Increasing evidence indicates that metabolic disorders in offspring can result from the father's diet, but the mechanism remains unclear. In a paternal mouse model given a high-fat diet (HFD), we showed that a subset of sperm transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), mainly from 5' transfer RNA halves and ranging in size from 30 to 34 nucleotides, exhibited changes in expression profiles and RNA modifications. Injection of sperm tsRNA fractions from HFD males into normal zygotes generated metabolic disorders in the F1 offspring and altered gene expression of metabolic pathways in early embryos and islets of F1 offspring, which was unrelated to DNA methylation at CpG-enriched regions. Hence, sperm tsRNAs represent a paternal epigenetic factor that may mediate intergenerational inheritance of diet-induced metabolic disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Nature Reviews Genetics
                Abbreviated Title: Nat Rev Genet
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 1471-0056
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-0064
                Publication date Created: August 30 2016
                Publication date (Print): August 30 2016
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 585-600
                Article
                DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2016.88
                PubMed ID: 27573372
                SO-VID: 42d42063-9f91-4a86-ace1-43720697aac9
                Copyright © © 2016
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