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      Is Open Access

      lncRNA in HNSCC: challenges and potential

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          Abstract

          Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cause of cancer mortality in the world. Some progress has been made in the therapy of HNSCC, however treatment remains unsatisfactory. Recent studies have shown that different types of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are dysregulated in HNSCC and correlate with tumor progression, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and poor prognosis. lncRNAs are a class of functional RNA molecules that can not be translated into proteins but can modulate the activity of transcription factors or regulate changes in chromatin structure. The lncRNAs might have potential of biomarker in HNSCC diagnosis, prognosis, prediction and targeted treatment. In this review we describe the potential role of lncRNAs as new biomarkers and discuss their features including source of origin, extraction methods, stability, detection methods and data normalization and potential function as biomarkers in HNSCC.

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          Most cited references57

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          The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome.

          P Carninci, T Kasukawa, S. Katayama … (2005)
          This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1280 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Rapid evolution of noncoding RNAs: lack of conservation does not mean lack of function.

            Ken C. Pang, Martin Frith, John S. Mattick (2006)
            The mammalian transcriptome contains many non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), but most of these are of unclear significance and lack strong sequence conservation, prompting suggestions that they might be non-functional. However, certain long functional ncRNAs such as Air and Xist are also poorly conserved. In this article, we systematically analyzed the conservation of several groups of functional ncRNAs, including miRNAs, snoRNAs and longer ncRNAs whose function has been either documented or confidently predicted. As expected, miRNAs and snoRNAs were highly conserved. By contrast, the longer functional non-micro, non-sno ncRNAs were much less conserved with many displaying rapid sequence evolution. Our findings suggest that longer ncRNAs are under the influence of different evolutionary constraints and that the lack of conservation displayed by the thousands of candidate ncRNAs does not necessarily signify an absence of function.
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              DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer.

              M J Bussemakers, A. van Bokhoven, G. Verhaegh … (1999)
              Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the Western male population. Despite the tremendous efforts that have been made to improve the early detection of this disease and to design new treatment modalities, there is still an urgent need for new markers and therapeutic targets for the management of prostate cancer patients. Using differential display analysis to compare the mRNA expression patterns of normal versus tumor tissue of the human prostate, we identified a cDNA, DD3, which is highly overexpressed in 53 of 56 prostatic tumors in comparison to nonneoplastic prostatic tissue of the same patients. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis using DD3-specific primers indicated that the expression of DD3 is very prostate specific because no product could be amplified in 18 different normal human tissues studied. Also, in a sampling of other tumor types and a large number of cell lines, no expression of DD3 could be detected. Molecular characterization of the DD3 transcription unit revealed that alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation occur. The fact that no extensive open reading frame could be found suggests that DD3 may function as a noncoding RNA. The DD3 gene was mapped to chromosome 9q21-22, and no homology of DD3 to any gene present in the computer databases was found. Our data indicate that DD3 is one of the most prostate cancer-specific genes yet described, and this makes DD3 a promising marker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer and provides a powerful tool for the development of new treatment strategies for prostate cancer patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Contemp Oncol (Pozn)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Contemp Oncol (Pozn)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WO
                Title: Contemporary Oncology
                Publisher: Termedia Publishing House
                ISSN (Print): 1428-2526
                ISSN (Electronic): 1897-4309
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 259-266
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Cancer Genetic, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
                [3 ]HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
                [4 ]Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
                [5 ]Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, Heliodor Swiecicki Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
                [6 ]Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
                [7 ]Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Tomasz Kolenda, Genetic Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland. e-mail: kolenda.tomek@ 123456gmail.com
                [*]

                The authors have contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 31343
                DOI: 10.5114/wo.2017.72382
                PMC ID: 5798417
                PubMed ID: 29416430
                SO-VID: 43bd8d9e-502b-498a-94e1-7ce5252cf540
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Termedia Sp. z o. o.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2017
                Date accepted : 27 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Paper

                Keywords: hnscc,biomarkers,lncrna,head and neck
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hnscc, biomarkers, lncrna, head and neck

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