Maemu P. Gededzha:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-1293
Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing
– original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Nakampe Mampeule: Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Sarika Jugwanth: Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Nontobeko Zwane: Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Anura David: Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Wendy A. Burgers: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Jonathan M. Blackburn:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-9595
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Jurette S. Grove: Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Jaya A. George: Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review &
editing
Ian Sanne: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review
& editing
Lesley Scott: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Wendy Stevens: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Elizabeth S. Mayne:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6360-3488
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole:
Writing – review & editing
Sabato D’Auria: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLoS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
23
June
2021
Publication date Collection: 2021
Publication date PMC-release: 23
June
2021
Volume: 16
Issue: 6
Electronic Location Identifier: e0252317
Affiliations
[1
]
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa
[2
]
National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
[3
]
Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
[4
]
Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
[5
]
Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
[6
]
Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa
[7
]
Divisions of Chemical and System Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
[8
]
Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa
[9
]
Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University
of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ITALY
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-21-05484
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252317
PMC ID: 8221517
PubMed ID: 34161348
SO-VID: 43db9d40-7dbb-4730-9d3c-085e496b7b43
Copyright © © 2021 Gededzha et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000865, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation;
Award ID: OPP1171455
Award Recipient
:
Wendy Stevens
WS, OPP1171455, Bill & Melinda Gates,
https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Foundation, The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Research and Analysis Methods
Subject:
Immunologic Techniques
Subject:
Immunoassays
Subject:
Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
RNA viruses
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical microbiology
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Pathology and laboratory medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic Medicine
Subject:
Virus Testing
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Physiology
Subject:
Immune Physiology
Subject:
Antibodies
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Immunology
Subject:
Immune System Proteins
Subject:
Antibodies
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Immunology
Subject:
Immune System Proteins
Subject:
Antibodies
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Biochemistry
Subject:
Proteins
Subject:
Immune System Proteins
Subject:
Antibodies
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Serology
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Biochemistry
Subject:
Proteins
Subject:
Protein Domains
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Viral Diseases
Subject:
Covid 19
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Respiratory Disorders
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pulmonology
Subject:
Respiratory Disorders
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
