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      School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Program Dissemination Associated With Decreasing Dental Caries Inequalities Between Japanese Prefectures: An Ecological Study Translated title: 小学校などでの集団フッ化物洗口と、むし歯の健康格差の縮小の関連:地域相関研究

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          Abstract

          Background

          Dental caries inequalities still severely burden individuals’ and society’s health, even in countries where fluoride toothpastes are widely used and the incidence of dental caries has been decreasing. School-based fluoride mouth-rinse (S-FMR) programs, a population strategy for dental caries prevention, might decrease dental caries inequalities. This study investigated the association between S-FMR and decreasing dental caries prevalence and caries-related inequalities in 12-year-olds by Japanese prefecture.

          Methods

          We conducted an ecological study using multi-year prefecture-level aggregated data of children born between 1994 and 2000 in all 47 Japanese prefectures. Using two-level linear regression analyses (birth year nested within prefecture), the association between S-FMR utilization in each prefecture and 12-year-olds’ decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (DMFT), which indicates dental caries experience in their permanent teeth, were examined. Variables that could explain DMFT inequalities between prefectures, such as dental caries experience at age 3 years, dentist density, and prefectural socioeconomic circumstances, were also considered.

          Results

          High S-FMR utilization was significantly associated with low DMFT at age 12 (coefficient −0.011; 95% confidence interval, −0.018 to −0.005). S-FMR utilization explained 25.2% of the DMFT variance between prefectures after considering other variables. Interaction between S-FMR and dental caries experience at age 3 years showed that S-FMR was significantly more effective in prefectures where the 3-year-olds had high levels of dental caries experience.

          Conclusions

          S-FMR, administered to children of all socioeconomic statuses, was associated with lower DMFT. Utilization of S-FMR reduced dental caries inequalities via proportionate universalism.

          Translated abstract

          背景:

          フッ化物配合歯磨剤が普及し、むし歯(う蝕)が減少している国でも、むし歯の健康格差は個人や社会の大きな負担となっている。保育園・幼稚園・小中学校・特別支援学校で実施される“学校フッ化物洗口(集団フッ化物洗口)”は、むし歯予防の優れたポピュレーションアプローチであり、むし歯の健康格差を縮小させている可能性がある。本研究は日本における学校フッ化物洗口と12歳児1人平均永久歯むし歯経験歯数(Decayed, Missing, or Filled permanent Teeth Index, DMFT指数)の関連およびその都道府県格差との関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。

          方法:

          1994–2000年に生まれた子どもに関する、複数年度の都道府県レベルの集計データを使用し、地域相関研究をした。都道府県をレベル2、出生年度をレベル1とした2レベルのマルチレベル線形回帰分析により、学校フッ化物洗口を受けている児童の割合(学校フッ化物洗口普及割合)と12歳児DMFT指数(平均永久歯むし歯経験歯数)の関連を検討した。共変量は3歳児1人平均乳歯むし歯経験歯数、歯科医師密度、都道府県の社会経済状況などとした。

          結果:

          都道府県別の学校フッ化物洗口普及割合が高いことと12歳児DMFT指数が小さいことは有意に関連していた(B = -0.011; 95%信頼区間, -0.018 to -0.005)。他の変数を考慮してもなお、学校フッ化物洗口普及割合は12歳児DMFT指数の都道府県レベル分散を25.2%説明した。学校フッ化物洗口普及割合と3歳児乳歯むし歯経験歯数の間に有意な交互作用がみられ、学校フッ化物洗口普及割合と12歳児DMFT指数の負の関連は、3歳児乳歯むし歯経験歯数が多い都道府県で大きかった。

          結論:

          学校フッ化物洗口普及割合が高いことは、12歳児DMFT指数が小さいことと有意に関連していた。子どもの家庭環境や社会経済状況によらずに予防効果を受けることができる学校フッ化物洗口は、比例的普遍アプローチとしてはたらき、むし歯の健康格差を縮小していた。

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          Most cited references24

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          The inverse care law.

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            From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities.

            The persistent and universal nature of oral health inequalities presents a significant challenge to oral health policy makers. Inequalities in oral health mirror those in general health. The universal social gradient in both general and oral health highlights the underlying influence of psychosocial, economic, environmental and political determinants. The dominant preventive approach in dentistry, i.e. narrowly focusing on changing the behaviours of high-risk individuals, has failed to effectively reduce oral health inequalities, and may indeed have increased the oral health equity gap. A conceptual shift is needed away from this biomedical/behavioural 'downstream' approach, to one addressing the 'upstream' underlying social determinants of population oral health. Failure to change our preventive approach is a dereliction of ethical and scientific integrity. A range of complementary public health actions may be implemented at local, national and international levels to promote sustainable oral health improvements and reduce inequalities. The aim of this article is to stimulate discussion and debate on the future development of oral health improvement strategies.
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              Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Epidemiol
                J Epidemiol
                JE
                Journal of Epidemiology
                Japan Epidemiological Association
                0917-5040
                1349-9092
                5 November 2016
                23 April 2016
                2016
                : 26
                : 11
                : 563-571
                Affiliations
                [01] [1 ]Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan [1 ]東北大学大学院歯学研究科 国際歯科保健学分野、仙台、日本
                [02] [2 ]Non-profit Japanese Conference on the Promotion of the Use of Fluoride in Caries Prevention, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan [2 ]NPO法人日本フッ化物むし歯予防協会、瑞穂、岐阜、日本
                [03] [3 ]Division of Oral Health, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan [3 ]神奈川歯科大学大学院歯学研究科 口腔科学講座 口腔衛生学分野、横須賀、神奈川、日本
                [04] [4 ]National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, Japan [4 ]国立保健医療科学院、生涯健康研究部、和光、埼玉、日本
                [05] [5 ]Tochigi Prefectural Medical and Welfare College, Utsunomiya, Japan [5 ]栃木県立衛生福祉大学校歯科技術学部、宇都宮、日本
                [06] [6 ]Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan [6 ]岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科予防歯科学分野、岡山、日本
                [07] [7 ]Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan [7 ]埼玉県立大学 保健医療福祉学部 健康開発学科 口腔保健科学専攻、越谷、埼玉、日本
                [08] [8 ]Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [8 ]ハーバード・チャン公衆衛生大学院 社会行動科学学部 ボストン、マサチューセッツ、米国
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence. Jun Aida, Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan (e-mail: j-aida@ 123456umin.ac.jp ).
                Article
                JE20150255
                10.2188/jea.JE20150255
                5083319
                27108752
                4432b024-1e25-4f2b-87a5-43558e24f7f2
                © 2016 Yusuke Matsuyama et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 September 2015
                : 15 December 2015
                Categories
                Original Article
                School Health

                fluoride,dental caries,population approach,health inequalities

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