Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667) is a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator in clinical development for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). In patients with ADHF, intravenously administered cinaciguat results in potent unloading of the heart with arterial vasodilation. The aims of this study were to define the structural pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of cinaciguat in patients with ADHF, to characterize interindividual variability and to explore the effects of potential covariates.