Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis

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Abstract

The Phylum Protozoa brings together several organisms evolutionarily different that may act as ecto or endoparasites of fishes over the world being responsible for diseases, which, in turn, may lead to economical and social impacts in different countries. Apart from the recent advances for the diagnosis of fish diseases in Brazil, little is known on the protozoan parasites and their relationship with environment and host. This revision presents the most important protozoan parasites found in farmed fish from Brazil, not only with emphasis on its diagnosis, biology, transmission and host-parasite relationship, but also on some information that may be useful to researchers in determining the correct diagnosis in fish farms.

Translated abstract

O filo Protozoa reúne diversos organismos evolutivamente distintos que podem atuar como ecto ou endoparasitos de peixes em todo o mundo, sendo responsáveis por doenças as quais, por sua vez, podem ocasionar impactos econômico e social nos diferentes países. Apesar dos recentes avanços no campo de diagnóstico de doenças em peixes no Brasil, ainda pouco se conhece sobre a fauna de protozoários parasitos de peixes e suas relações com o ambiente e hospedeiro. Esta revisão apresenta os mais importantes protozoários parasitos encontrados em peixes cultivados no Brasil, não apenas com ênfase no seu diagnóstico, biologia, transmissão e relação hospedeiro-parasito, mas também algumas informações que podem ser úteis para pesquisadores para o correto diagnóstico em pisciculturas.

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Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture.

Nicholas Arthur, M Bondad, Kazuo Ogawa … (2005)

Asia contributes more than 90% to the world's aquaculture production. Like other farming systems, aquaculture is plagued with disease problems resulting from its intensification and commercialization. This paper describes the various factors, providing specific examples, which have contributed to the current disease problems faced by what is now the fastest growing food-producing sector globally. These include increased globalization of trade and markets; the intensification of fish-farming practices through the movement of broodstock, postlarvae, fry and fingerlings; the introduction of new species for aquaculture development; the expansion of the ornamental fish trade; the enhancement of marine and coastal areas through the stocking of aquatic animals raised in hatcheries; the unanticipated interactions between cultured and wild populations of aquatic animals; poor or lack of effective biosecurity measures; slow awareness on emerging diseases; the misunderstanding and misuse of specific pathogen free (SPF) stocks; climate change; other human-mediated movements of aquaculture commodities. Data on the socio-economic impacts of aquatic animal diseases are also presented, including estimates of losses in production, direct and indirect income and employment, market access or share of investment, and consumer confidence; food availability; industry failures. Examples of costs of investment in aquatic animal health-related activities, including national strategies, research, surveillance, control and other health management programmes are also provided. Finally, the strategies currently being implemented in the Asian region to deal with transboundary diseases affecting the aquaculture sector are highlighted. These include compliance with international codes, and development and implementation of regional guidelines and national aquatic animal health strategies; new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and new information technology; new biosecurity measures including risk analysis, epidemiology, surveillance, reporting and planning for emergency response to epizootics; targeted research; institutional strengthening and manpower development (education, training and extension research and diagnostic services).