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      Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense “forest type” and T. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of Cameroon Translated title: Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense “type forêt” et T. simiae : prévalence chez les animaux domestiques des foyers de la maladie du sommeil au Cameroun

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          Abstract

          In order to better understand the epidemiology of Human and Animal trypanosomiasis that occur together in sleeping sickness foci, a study of prevalences of animal parasites ( Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense “forest type”, and T. simiae) infections was conducted on domestic animals to complete the previous work carried on T. brucei gambiense prevalence using the same animal sample. 875 domestic animals, including 307 pigs, 264 goats, 267 sheep and 37 dogs were sampled in the sleeping sickness foci of Bipindi, Campo, Doumé and Fontem in Cameroon. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method was used to identify these trypanosome species. A total of 237 (27.08%) domestic animals were infected by at least one trypanosome species. The prevalence of T. vivax, T. congolense “forest type” and T. simiae were 20.91%, 11.42% and 0.34% respectively. The prevalences of T. vivax and T. congolense “forest type” differed significantly between the animal species and between the foci (p < 0.0001); however, these two trypanosomes were found in all animal species as well as in all the foci subjected to the study. The high prevalences of T. vivax and T. congolense “forest type” in Bipindi and Fontem-Center indicate their intense transmission in these foci.

          Translated abstract

          Afin de mieux comprendre l’épidémiologie des trypanosomoses humaines et animales sévissant ensemble dans les foyers de maladie de sommeil, une étude des prévalences des infections par Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense “type forêt” et T. simiae a été menée chez les animaux domestiques pour compléter celle ayant porté sur la prévalence de T. b. gambiense. L’étude a concerné 875 animaux domestiques dont 307 porcs, 264 chèvres, 267 moutons et 37 chiens échantillonnés dans les foyers de maladie du sommeil de Bipindi, Campo, Fontem et Doumé au Cameroun. L’identification spécifique de ces trypanosomes a utilisée la technique de PCR. Au total, 237 (27,08 %) animaux domestiques étaient infectés par au moins une espèce de trypanosome. Les prévalences de T. vivax, T. congolense “type forêt” et T. simiae étaient de 20,91 %, 11,42 % et 0,34 % respectivement. Les prévalences de T. vivax et T. congolense “type forêt” diffèrent significativement entre les espèces animales et entre les foyers (p < 0,0001); toutefois, ces deux trypanosomes ont été identifiés chez les quatre espèces animales et dans tous les foyers soumis à l’étude. Les prévalences les plus élevées de T. vivax et T. congolense “type forêt” à Bipindi et Fontem-Centre indiquent une transmission intense de ces trypanosomes dans ces foyers.

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          A PCR based assay for detection and differentiation of African trypanosome species in blood.

          Direct PCR analysis of trypanosome infected blood samples in the quantities required for large scale epidemiological study has always been problematic. Current methods for identifying and differentiating trypanosomes typically require several species-specific reactions, many of which rely on mouse passaged samples to obtain quality concentrated genomic DNA. As a consequence important epidemiological information may be lost during the sample preparation stage. Here, we report a PCR methodology that reduces processing and improves on the sensitivity of present screening methods. The PCR technique targets the gene encoding the small ribosomal subunit in order to identify and differentiate all clinically important African trypanosome species and some subspecies. The method is more economical, simple, and sensitive than current screening methods, and yields more detailed information, thereby making it a viable tool for large-scale epidemiological studies.
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            Mixed infections of trypanosomes in tsetse and pigs and their epidemiological significance in a sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire.

            In a sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire, trypanosomes were characterized in humans, pigs and tsetse using various techniques. Out of 74 patients, all the 43 stocks isolated by KIVI (Kit for In Vitro Isolation) appeared to belong to only one zymodeme of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 (the major zymodeme Z3). The only stock isolated on rodents belonged to a different, new, zymodeme (Z50), of T. b. gambiense group 1. From 18 pigs sampled in the same locations as the patients, PCR showed a high proportion of mixed infections of T. brucei s. l. and T. congolense riverine-forest. Zymodemes of T. brucei s. l. from these pigs were different from those found in humans. From a total of 16 260 captured tsetse (Glossina palpalis palpalis), 1701 were dissected and 28% were found to be infected by trypanosomes. The most prevalent trypanosome was T. congolense riverine-forest type, followed by T. vivax, T. bruceis. l. and T. congolense savannah type, this latter being associated to the forest type of T. congolense in most cases. Mixed infections by 2 or 3 of these trypanosomes were also found. Use of a microsatellite marker allowed us to distinguish T. b. gambiense group 1 in some of the mature infections in tsetse. Differences in infection rates and in trypanosome genotypes according to the host might indicate that the pig may not be an active animal reservoir for humans in this focus.
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              High prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 in pigs from the Fontem sleeping sickness focus in Cameroon.

              To understand the importance of domestic pigs in the epidemiology of human trypanosomiasis, PCR was used to identify trypanosome populations in 133 pigs from the Fontem sleeping sickness focus of Cameroon. The results from this study show that 73.7% (98/133) of pigs from the Fontem area carry at least one trypanosome species. Trypanosoma vivax, T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense forest were found in 34.6% (46/133), 40.0% (53/133) and 46.0% (61/133) of the pigs respectively. T. simiae and T. congolense savannah were not identified in these animals. The use of repeated DNA sequences detected T. b. gambiense group 1 in 14.8% (15/101) of the pigs. Such pigs can be possible reservoir hosts for T. b. gambiense group 1 and contribute to the maintenance of the disease in the area. Mixed infections were revealed in 35.3% (47/133) of the pigs. Furthermore, we observed that under natural conditions, 52.4% (11/21) of the pigs from the Fontem focus carry mixed infections with T. b. gambiense group 1. No significant difference was observed between the percentage of T. b. gambiense group 1 single and mixed infections, and between the prevalence of this trypanosome in pigs from villages with and without sleeping sickness patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite : journal de la Société Française de Parasitologie
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                May 2011
                15 May 2011
                : 18
                : 2 ( publisher-idID: parasite/2011/02 )
                : 171-179
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratoire de Biologie Générale, Département de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I BP 812 Yaoundé Cameroun
                [2 ] Laboratoire de Recherche et de Coordination sur les Trypanosomoses IRD, UMR 177, CIRAD, TA 207/G, Campus International de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
                [3 ] Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun
                [4 ] Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang PO Box 67 Dschang Cameroun
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Flobert Njiokou. Tel.: (237) 77 71 96 31 E-mail: njiokouf@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                parasite2011182p171 10.1051/parasite/2011182171
                10.1051/parasite/2011182171
                3671417
                21678793
                49037475-cc02-49ca-8672-02a85e6c70d2
                © PRINCEPS Editions, Paris, 2011

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 01 June 2010
                : 28 October 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Contribution

                t. congolense “forest type”,pig,goat,sheep,dog,t. vivax,t. congolense “type forêt”,t. simiae,pcr,porc,chèvre,mouton,chien

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