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      • Record: found
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      Protective effects of Acanthopanax divaricatus extract in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus (ADA) extract has been reported to have anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-mutagenic activity.

          MATERIALS/METHODS

          We investigated the effects of ADA extract on two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD); intracerebroventricular injection of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1)-transgenic mice.

          RESULTS

          Intra-gastric administration of ADA stem extract (0.25 g/kg, every 12 hrs started from one day prior to injection of Aβ1-42 until evaluation) effectively blocked Aβ1-42-induced impairment in passive avoidance performance, and Aβ1-42-induced increase in immunoreactivities of glial fibrillary acidic protein and interleukin (IL)-1α in the hippocampus. In addition, it alleviated the Aβ1-42-induced decrease in acetylcholine and increase in malondialdehyde levels in the cortex. In APP/PS1-transgenic mice, chronic oral administration of ADA stem extract (0.1 or 0.5 g/kg/day for six months from the age of six to 12 months) resulted in significantly enhanced performance of the novel-object recognition task, and reduced amyloid deposition and IL-1β in the brain.

          CONCLUSIONS

          The results of this study suggest that ADA stem extract may be useful for prevention and treatment of AD.

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          Most cited references22

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          Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice.

          Ya-Ping Tang, Eiji Shimizu, Gilles Dubé … (1999)
          Hebb's rule (1949) states that learning and memory are based on modifications of synaptic strength among neurons that are simultaneously active. This implies that enhanced synaptic coincidence detection would lead to better learning and memory. If the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, a synaptic coincidence detector, acts as a graded switch for memory formation, enhanced signal detection by NMDA receptors should enhance learning and memory. Here we show that overexpression of NMDA receptor 2B (NR2B) in the forebrains of transgenic mice leads to enhanced activation of NMDA receptors, facilitating synaptic potentiation in response to stimulation at 10-100 Hz. These mice exhibit superior ability in learning and memory in various behavioural tasks, showing that NR2B is critical in gating the age-dependent threshold for plasticity and memory formation. NMDA-receptor-dependent modifications of synaptic efficacy, therefore, represent a unifying mechanism for associative learning and memory. Our results suggest that genetic enhancement of mental and cognitive attributes such as intelligence and memory in mammals is feasible.
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            The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse.

            Giselle P. Lim, Teresa Chu, Fusheng Yang … (2001)
            Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is characterized by increased cytokines and activated microglia. Epidemiological studies suggest reduced AD risk associates with long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Whereas chronic ibuprofen suppressed inflammation and plaque-related pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic APPSw mouse model (Tg2576), excessive use of NSAIDs targeting cyclooxygenase I can cause gastrointestinal, liver, and renal toxicity. One alternative NSAID is curcumin, derived from the curry spice turmeric. Curcumin has an extensive history as a food additive and herbal medicine in India and is also a potent polyphenolic antioxidant. To evaluate whether it could affect Alzheimer-like pathology in the APPSw mice, we tested a low (160 ppm) and a high dose of dietary curcumin (5000 ppm) on inflammation, oxidative damage, and plaque pathology. Low and high doses of curcumin significantly lowered oxidized proteins and interleukin-1beta, a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in the brains of these mice. With low-dose but not high-dose curcumin treatment, the astrocytic marker GFAP was reduced, and insoluble beta-amyloid (Abeta), soluble Abeta, and plaque burden were significantly decreased by 43-50%. However, levels of amyloid precursor (APP) in the membrane fraction were not reduced. Microgliosis was also suppressed in neuronal layers but not adjacent to plaques. In view of its efficacy and apparent low toxicity, this Indian spice component shows promise for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
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              Can Alzheimer disease be prevented by amyloid-beta immunotherapy?

              Cynthia Lemere, Eliezer Masliah (2010)
              Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide has become a major therapeutic target in AD on the basis of pathological, biochemical and genetic evidence that supports a role for this molecule in the disease process. Active and passive Abeta immunotherapies have been shown to lower cerebral Abeta levels and improve cognition in animal models of AD. In humans, dosing in the phase II clinical trial of the AN1792 Abeta vaccine was stopped when approximately 6% of the immunized patients developed meningoencephalitis. However, some plaque clearance and modest clinical improvements were observed in patients following immunization. As a result of this study, at least seven passive Abeta immunotherapies are now in clinical trials in patients with mild to moderate AD. Several second-generation active Abeta vaccines are also in early clinical trials. On the basis of preclinical studies and the limited data from clinical trials, Abeta immunotherapy might be most effective in preventing or slowing the progression of AD when patients are immunized before or in the very earliest stages of disease onset. Biomarkers for AD and imaging technology have improved greatly over the past 10 years and, in the future, might be used to identify presymptomatic, at-risk individuals who might benefit from Abeta immunization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr Res Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr Res Pract
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NRP
                Title: Nutrition Research and Practice
                Publisher: The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
                ISSN (Print): 1976-1457
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-6168
                Publication date (Print): August 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2014
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 386-390
                Affiliations
                Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-702, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Dong-Keun Song, Tel. 82-33-248-3290, Fax. 82-33-248-3293, dksong@ 123456hallym.ac.kr

                *These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.386
                PMC ID: 4122709
                SO-VID: 499ab3d4-33b5-4180-965b-a48676d6474d
                Copyright © ©2014 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 August 2013
                Date revision received : 05 December 2013
                Date accepted : 24 December 2013
                Funding
                Funded by: Susin Ogapy Co.
                Award ID: HRF-S-41
                Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea
                Award ID: 2012-0000312
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: alzheimer disease,acanthopanax divaricatus,β-amyloid peptide,amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: alzheimer disease, acanthopanax divaricatus, β-amyloid peptide, amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1

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