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      Non-specific effect of measles vaccination on overall child mortality in an area of rural India with high vaccination coverage: a population-based case-control study Translated title: Effet non spécifique de la vaccination antirougeoleuse sur la mortalité globale de l'enfant dans une région rurale de l'Inde bénéficiant d'une bonne couverture vaccinale: étude cas-témoins en population Translated title: Efecto inespecífico de la vacunación antisarampionosa en la mortalidad infantil global en un área de la India rural con alta cobertura de vacunación: estudio de casos y controles basado en la población

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vaccination against measles in a population with sustained high vaccination coverage and relatively low child mortality reduces overall child mortality. METHODS: In April and May 2000, a population-based, case-control study was conducted at Ballabgarh (an area in rural northern India). Eligible cases were 330 children born between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 1998 who died aged 12-59 months. A programme was used to match 320 controls for age, sex, family size, and area of residence from a birth cohort of 15 578 born during the same time period. FINDINGS: The analysis used 318 matched pairs and suggested that children aged 12-59 months who did not receive measles vaccination in infancy were three times more likely to die than those vaccinated against measles. Children from lower caste households who were not vaccinated in infancy had the highest risk of mortality (odds ratio, 8.9). A 27% increase in child mortality was attributable to failure to vaccinate against measles in the study population. CONCLUSION: Measles vaccine seems to have a non-specific reducing effect on overall child mortality in this population. If true, children in lower castes may reap the greatest gains in survival. The findings should be interpreted with caution because the nutritional status of the children was not recorded and may be a residual confounder. "All-cause mortality" is a potentially useful epidemiological endpoint for future vaccine trials.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Déterminer si la vaccination antirougeoleuse pratiquée dans une population où la couverture vaccinale est régulièrement forte et où la mortalité de l'enfant de 12 à 59 mois est relativement faible réduit la mortalité globale dans cette tranche d'âge. MÉTHODES: En avril et mai 2000, une étude cas-témoins en population a été réalisée à Ballabgarh, une zone rurale du nord de l'Inde. On a retenu comme cas 330 enfants nés entre le 1er janvier 1991 et le 31 décembre 1998 et décédés à l'âge de 12 à 59 mois. On a sélectionné à l'aide d'un programme 320 témoins appariés sur l'âge, le sexe, la taille de la famille et la zone de résidence à partir d'une cohorte de naissance de 15 578 enfants nés pendant la même période. RÉSULTATS: L'analyse a porté sur 318 paires de cas et témoins et a indiqué que chez les enfants de 12 à 59 mois qui n'avaient pas été vaccinés contre la rougeole dans la première enfance le risque de décès était trois fois plus élevé que chez les enfants vaccinés. Les enfants des ménages appartenant à une caste inférieure et non vaccinés avant l'âge d'un an avaient le risque de mortalité le plus élevé (odds ratio : 8,9). Une augmentation de 27 % de la mortalité des 12-59 mois a été attribuée à l'insuffisance de la vaccination antirougeoleuse dans la population d'étude. CONCLUSION: Le vaccin antirougeoleux semble avoir un effet réducteur non spécifique sur la mortalité globale de l'enfant dans cette population. Si cette observation se vérifie, le gain en termes de survie pourrait être maximal chez les enfants des castes inférieures. Ces résultats doivent être interprétés avec prudence car l'état nutritionnel des enfants n'était pas noté et pourrait constituer un facteur de confusion. La "mortalité toutes causes confondues" est un paramètre épidémiologique d'une grande utilité potentielle pour les futurs essais de vaccins.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Determinar si la vacunación contra el sarampión en una población con una cobertura vacunal alta y sostenida y una mortalidad infantil relativamente baja reduce la mortalidad global en la infancia. MÉTODOS: En abril y mayo de 2000 se llevó a cabo en Ballabgarh, un área rural del norte de la India, un estudio de casos y controles basado en la población. Se seleccionó como casos a 330 niños nacidos entre el 1 de enero de 1991 y el 31 de diciembre de 1998 que habían muerto a los 12-59 meses de edad. Se utilizó un programa para emparejarlos con 320 controles de edad, sexo, tamaño de familia y área de residencia parecidos, extraídos de una cohorte de nacimiento de 15 578 nacidos durante el mismo periodo. RESULTADOS: Según el análisis realizado con 318 pares concordes de casos y controles, los niños de 12-59 meses que no recibieron vacunación antisarampionosa durante la lactancia presentaban el triple de probabilidades de morir que los vacunados contra el sarampión. Los niños de los hogares de castas bajas a los que no se vacunó en la lactancia son los que presentaban el riesgo más alto de defunción (razón de posibilidades: 8,9). Un aumento del 27% de la mortalidad infantil observada en la población estudiada era atribuible a la falta de vacunación contra el sarampión. CONCLUSIÓN: La vacuna antisarampionosa parece tener un efecto inespecífico de disminución de la mortalidad global en la infancia en esta población. Si ello es cierto, los niños de las castas inferiores serían los que más podrían beneficiarse en términos de supervivencia. Los resultados deben interpretarse con cautela, pues no se registró el estado nutricional de los niños, que podría ser un factor de confusión residual. La "mortalidad por todas las causas" puede ser un valioso criterio de valoración epidemiológico en los futuros ensayos de la vacuna.

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          Routine vaccinations and child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa.

          To examine the association between routine childhood vaccinations and survival among infants in Guinea-Bissau. Follow up study. 15 351 women and their children born during 1990 and 1996. Rural Guinea-Bissau. Infant mortality over six months (between age 0-6 months and 7-13 months for BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, and polio vaccines and between 7-13 months and 14-20 months for measles vaccine). Mortality was lower in the group vaccinated with any vaccine compared with those not vaccinated, the mortality ratio being 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.53 to 1.03). After cluster, age, and other vaccines were adjusted for, BCG was associated with significantly lower mortality (0.55 (0.36 to 0.85)). However, recipients of one dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis or polio vaccines had higher mortality than children who had received none of these vaccines (1.84 (1.10 to 3.10) for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis). Recipients of measles vaccine had a mortality ratio of 0.48 (0.27 to 0.87). When deaths from measles were excluded from the analysis the mortality ratio was 0.51 (0.28 to 0.95). Estimates were unchanged by controls for background factors. These trends are unlikely to be explained exclusively by selection biases since different vaccines were associated with opposite tendencies. Measles and BCG vaccines may have beneficial effects in addition to protection against measles and tuberculosis.
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            Non-specific beneficial effect of measles immunisation: analysis of mortality studies from developing countries.

            To examine whether the reduction in mortality after standard titre measles immunisation in developing countries can be explained simply by the prevention of acute measles and its long term consequences. An analysis of all studies comparing mortality of unimmunised children and children immunised with standard titre measles vaccine in developing countries. 10 cohort and two case-control studies from Bangladesh, Benin, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Senegal, and Zaire. Protective efficacy of standard titre measles immunisation against all cause mortality. Extent to which difference in mortality between immunised and unimmunised children could be explained by prevention of measles disease. Protective efficacy against death after measles immunisation ranged from 30% to 86%. Efficacy was highest in the studies with short follow up and when children were immunised in infancy (range 44-100%). Vaccine efficacy against death was much greater than the proportion of deaths attributed to acute measles disease. In four studies from Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Burundi vaccine efficacy against death remained almost unchanged when cases of measles were excluded from the analysis. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and polio vaccinations were not associated with reduction in mortality. These observations suggest that standard titre measles vaccine may confer a beneficial effect which is unrelated to the specific protection against measles disease.
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              Impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant morbidity and mortality.

              To determine whether vitamin A supplementation at birth could reduce infant morbidity and mortality. We conducted a placebo-controlled trial among 2067 Indonesian neonates who received either 52 micromol (50,000 IU) orally administered vitamin A or placebo on the first day of life. Infants were followed up at 1 year to determine the impact of this intervention on infant mortality. A subgroup (n = 470) was also examined at 4 and 6 months of age to examine the impact on morbidity. Vital status was confirmed in 89% of infants in both groups at 1 year. There were 19 deaths in the control group and 7 in the vitamin A group (relative risk = 0.36; 95% confidence interval = 0.16, 0.87). The impact was stronger among boys, infants of normal compared with low birth weight, and those of greater ponderal index. Among infants examined at 4 months of age, the 1-week period prevalence of common morbidities was similar for vitamin A and control infants. However, during this same 4-month period, 73% and 51% more control infants were brought for medical treatment for cough (p = 0.008) and fever (p = 0.063), respectively. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation may reduce the infant mortality rate and the prevalence of severe respiratory infection among young infants.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                2003
                : 81
                : 4
                : 244-250
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameTrinity College Centre for Health Sciences orgdiv1Department of Community Health and General Practice
                [04] Dublin orgnameNational Children's Hospital Ireland
                [01] Dublin orgnameUniversity of Dublin orgdiv1St James's Hospital orgdiv2Department of Respiratory Medicine Ireland
                [06] orgnameAll India Institute of Medical Sciences orgdiv1Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project
                [03] Dublin orgnameAdelaide and Meath Hospital
                [05] New Delhi orgnameAll India Institute of Medical Sciences orgdiv1Centre for Community Medicine India
                Article
                S0042-96862003000400005 S0042-9686(03)08100405
                49a5fb3e-219c-48e1-ad24-51d794831311

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

                India,Evaluation résultats traitement,Sensitivity and specificity,Vacuna antisarampión,Infant mortality,Facteur socio-économique,Inde,Vaccin antimorbilleux,Resultado del tratamiento,Etude cas-témoins,Factores socioeconómicos,Sensibilité et spécificité (Epidémiologie),Case-control studies,Treatment outcome,Measles vaccine,Mortalidad infantil,Mortalité nourrisson,Estudios de casos y controles,Sensibilidad y especificidad,Socioeconomic factors

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