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      Riesgo nutricional y desenlaces clínicos en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 en una red hospitalaria de alta complejidad

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la identificación del riesgo nutricional al ingreso hospitalario es importante para establecer intervenciones oportunas en el ciclo de atención del paciente con COVID-19, debido al alto riesgo de asociarse a complicaciones. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre el nivel de riesgo nutricional al ingreso y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 28 días en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 atendidos entre marzo y octubre de 2020 en una red de dos instituciones hospitalarias de Colombia. Metodología: estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y valorados por el Servicio de Nutrición con la escala de identificación de riesgo nutricional en emergencias, adaptada de la escala NRS 2002. Se analizó como resultado principal la mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 28 días y como secundarios, la estancia hospitalaria, el ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) y el requerimiento de ventilación mecánica. Resultados: se incluyeron 1230 pacientes, con edad promedio de 65,43 ± 15,90 años, principalmente hombres (57,1 %, n = 702). Se identificó un alto riesgo nutricional (≥ 2 puntos) en el 74,3 % (n = 914). Se evidenció que los pacientes con alto riesgo nutricional tenían una mayor probabilidad de muerte intrahospitalaria a 28 días (HR: 1,64; IC 95 %: 1,11-2,44) y un mayor riesgo de requerir ventilación mecánica (OR = 1,78; IC 95 %: 1,11-2,86), de ingreso en la UCI (OR = 1,478; IC 95 %: 1,05-2,09) y de estancia hospitalaria superior a 7 días (OR = 1,91; IC 95 %: 1,47-2,48). Conclusiones: los pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y riesgo nutricional alto presentaron una mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 28 días significativamente mayor y una mayor probabilidad de requerir ventilación mecánica y atención en la UCI, así como estancias hospitalarias prolongadas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: the identification of nutritional risk at hospital admission is important to establish timely interventions in the COVID-19 patient care cycle, due to a high risk of it being associated with complications. Objective: to determine the association between the level of nutritional risk upon admission and in-hospital mortality at 28 days in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 treated between March and October 2020 in two hospital institutions in Colombia. Methods: a retrospective, observational study. Hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included and assessed by the Nutrition Service using the nutritional risk identification in emergencies scale, adapted from the NRS 2002 scale. In-hospital mortality at 28 days was analyzed as the primary endpoint, and hospital stay, admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and requirement for mechanical ventilation as secondary endpoints. Results: a total of 1230 patients were included, with a mean age of 65.43 ± 15.90 years, mainly men (57.1 %, n = 702). A high nutritional risk (≥ 2 points) was identified in 74.3 % (n = 914). Patients with a high nutritional risk had a greater probability of in-hospital death at 28 days (HRadj: 1.64; 95 % CI: 1.11-2.44), and a greater risk of requiring mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.78; 95 % CI: 1.11-2.86) or ICU admission (OR = 1.478; 95 % CI: 1.05-2.09), as well as hospital stay longer than 7 days (OR = 1.91; 95 % CI: 1.47-2.48). Conclusions: patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 at high nutritional risk had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality at 28 days and a higher probability of requiring mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, and prolonged hospital stay.

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          Most cited references28

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          Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

          Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.
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            Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study

            Summary Background An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December, 2019, in Wuhan, China. Information about critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is scarce. We aimed to describe the clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Methods In this single-centered, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 52 critically ill adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Wuhan Jin Yin-tan hospital (Wuhan, China) between late December, 2019, and Jan 26, 2020. Demographic data, symptoms, laboratory values, comorbidities, treatments, and clinical outcomes were all collected. Data were compared between survivors and non-survivors. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, as of Feb 9, 2020. Secondary outcomes included incidence of SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Findings Of 710 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, 52 critically ill adult patients were included. The mean age of the 52 patients was 59·7 (SD 13·3) years, 35 (67%) were men, 21 (40%) had chronic illness, 51 (98%) had fever. 32 (61·5%) patients had died at 28 days, and the median duration from admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) to death was 7 (IQR 3–11) days for non-survivors. Compared with survivors, non-survivors were older (64·6 years [11·2] vs 51·9 years [12·9]), more likely to develop ARDS (26 [81%] patients vs 9 [45%] patients), and more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (30 [94%] patients vs 7 [35%] patients), either invasively or non-invasively. Most patients had organ function damage, including 35 (67%) with ARDS, 15 (29%) with acute kidney injury, 12 (23%) with cardiac injury, 15 (29%) with liver dysfunction, and one (2%) with pneumothorax. 37 (71%) patients required mechanical ventilation. Hospital-acquired infection occurred in seven (13·5%) patients. Interpretation The mortality of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is considerable. The survival time of the non-survivors is likely to be within 1–2 weeks after ICU admission. Older patients (>65 years) with comorbidities and ARDS are at increased risk of death. The severity of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia poses great strain on critical care resources in hospitals, especially if they are not adequately staffed or resourced. Funding None.
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              Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials.

              A system for screening of nutritional risk is described. It is based on the concept that nutritional support is indicated in patients who are severely ill with increased nutritional requirements, or who are severely undernourished, or who have certain degrees of severity of disease in combination with certain degrees of undernutrition. Degrees of severity of disease and undernutrition were defined as absent, mild, moderate or severe from data sets in a selected number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and converted to a numeric score. After completion, the screening system was validated against all published RCTs known to us of nutritional support vs spontaneous intake to investigate whether the screening system could distinguish between trials with a positive outcome and trials with no effect on outcome. The total number of randomized trials identified was 128. In each trial, the group of patients was classified with respect to nutritional status and severity of disease, and it was determined whether the effect of nutritional intervention on clinical outcome was positive or absent. Among 75 studies of patients classified as being nutritionally at-risk, 43 showed a positive effect of nutritional support on clinical outcome. Among 53 studies of patients not considered to be nutritionally at-risk, 14 showed a positive effect (P=0.0006). This corresponded to a likelihood ratio (true positive/false positive) of 1.7 (95% CI: 2.3-1.2). For 71 studies of parenteral nutrition, the likelihood ratio was 1.4 (1.9-1.0), and for 56 studies of enteral or oral nutrition the likelihood ratio was 2.9 (5.9-1.4). The screening system appears to be able to distinguish between trials with a positive effect vs no effect, and it can therefore probably also identify patients who are likely to benefit from nutritional support.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2022
                : 39
                : 1
                : 93-100
                Affiliations
                [1] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición Humana Colombia
                [3] Bogotá Bogotá orgnameUniversidad del Rosario orgdiv1Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi Colombia
                [2] Bogotá Bogotá orgnameUniversidad del Rosario Colombia
                Article
                S0212-16112022000100014 S0212-1611(22)03900100014
                10.20960/nh.03738
                49c9fae8-afa9-4643-8069-aed47ad6ec2a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 June 2021
                : 02 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Infecciones por coronavirus,Evaluación nutricional,Desnutrición,COVID-19,Health services for the aged,Nutrition assessment,Malnutrition,Servicios de salud para ancianos

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