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      Investigation of the Enteric Pathogenic Potential of Oral Campylobacter concisus Strains Isolated from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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          Abstract

          Background

          Campylobacter concisus, a bacterium colonizing the human oral cavity, has been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study investigated if patients with IBD are colonized with specific oral C. concisus strains that have potential to cause enteric diseases.

          Methodology

          Seventy oral and enteric C. concisus isolates obtained from eight patients with IBD and six controls were examined for housekeeping genes by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), Caco2 cell invasion by gentamicin-protection-assay, protein analysis by mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The whole genome sequenced C. concisus strain 13826 which was isolated from an individual with bloody diarrhea was included in MLST analysis.

          Principal Findings

          MLST analysis showed that 87.5% of individuals whose C. concisus belonged to Cluster I had inflammatory enteric diseases (six IBD and one with bloody diarrhea), which was significantly higher than that in the remaining individuals (28.6%) ( P<0.05). Enteric invasive C. concisus (EICC) oral strain was detected in 50% of patients with IBD and none of the controls. All EICC strains were in Cluster 1. The C. concisus strain colonizing intestinal tissues of patient No. 1 was closely related to the oral C. concisus strain from patient No. 6 and had gene recombination with the patient’s own oral C. concisus. The oral and intestinal C. concisus strains of patient No. 3 were the same strain. Some individuals were colonized with multiple oral C. concisus strains that have undergone natural recombination.

          Conclusions

          This study provides the first evidence that patients with IBD are colonized with specific oral C. concisus strains, with some being EICC strains. C. concisus colonizing intestinal tissues of patients with IBD at least in some instances results from an endogenous colonization of the patient’s oral C. concisus and that C. concisus strains undergo natural recombination.

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          Multilocus sequence typing system for Campylobacter jejuni.

          K Dingle, F. Colles, D Wareing … (2001)
          The gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni has extensive reservoirs in livestock and the environment and is a frequent cause of gastroenteritis in humans. To date, the lack of (i) methods suitable for population genetic analysis and (ii) a universally accepted nomenclature has hindered studies of the epidemiology and population biology of this organism. Here, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system for this organism is described, which exploits the genetic variation present in seven housekeeping loci to determine the genetic relationships among isolates. The MLST system was established using 194 C. jejuni isolates of diverse origins, from humans, animals, and the environment. The allelic profiles, or sequence types (STs), of these isolates were deposited on the Internet (http://mlst.zoo.ox.ac.uk), forming a virtual isolate collection which could be continually expanded. These data indicated that C. jejuni is genetically diverse, with a weakly clonal population structure, and that intra- and interspecies horizontal genetic exchange was common. Of the 155 STs observed, 51 (26% of the isolate collection) were unique, with the remainder of the collection being categorized into 11 lineages or clonal complexes of related STs with between 2 and 56 members. In some cases membership in a given lineage or ST correlated with the possession of a particular Penner HS serotype. Application of this approach to further isolate collections will enable an integrated global picture of C. jejuni epidemiology to be established and will permit more detailed studies of the population genetics of this organism.
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            RTX proteins: a highly diverse family secreted by a common mechanism

            Irena Linhartová, Ladislav Bumba, Jiri Masin … (2010)
            Repeats-in-toxin (RTX) exoproteins of Gram-negative bacteria form a steadily growing family of proteins with diverse biological functions. Their common feature is the unique mode of export across the bacterial envelope via the type I secretion system and the characteristic, typically nonapeptide, glycine- and aspartate-rich repeats binding Ca2+ ions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the organization of rtx loci and on the biological and biochemical activities of therein encoded proteins. Applying several types of bioinformatic screens on the steadily growing set of sequenced bacterial genomes, over 1000 RTX family members were detected, with the biological functions of most of them remaining to be characterized. Activities of the so far characterized RTX family members are then discussed and classified according to functional categories, ranging from the historically first characterized pore-forming RTX leukotoxins, through the large multifunctional enzymatic toxins, bacteriocins, nodulation proteins, surface layer proteins, up to secreted hydrolytic enzymes exhibiting metalloprotease or lipase activities of industrial interest.
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              Early lesions of recurrent Crohn's disease caused by infusion of intestinal contents in excluded ileum.

              Geert D'Haens, Karel Geboes, Mark Peeters … (1998)
              Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease may be triggered by agents in the fecal stream. The aim of this study was to examine intestinal mucosal inflammation induced by contact with intestinal fluids in surgically excluded ileum. The effects of infusion of intestinal luminal contents into excluded ileum in 3 patients with Crohn's disease who had undergone a curative ileocolonic resection with ileocolonic anastomosis and temporary protective proximal loop ileostomy were studied by histopathology and electron microscopy. Contact with intestinal fluids for 8 days induced focal infiltration of mononuclear cells, eosinophils, and polymorphonuclear cells in the lamina propria, small vessels, and epithelium in the excluded neoterminal ileum that was previously normal. Epithelial HLA-DR expression increased, and mononuclear cells expressed the KP-1 antigen associated with activation. Marked up-regulation of RFD-7, RFD-9, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 was observed after infusion, reflecting epithelioid transformation and transendothelial lymphocyte recruitment. At the ultrastructural level, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus occurred in epithelial cells, where also basally located transport vesicles were identified. Intestinal contents trigger postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum proximal to the ileocolonic anastomosis in the first days after surgery.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2012
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e38217
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
                [2 ]Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
                [3 ]School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
                [4 ]Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
                [5 ]Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
                [6 ]St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
                [7 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
                Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Germany
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: LZ YI VM. Performed the experiments: YI VM TATT. Analyzed the data: YI VM LZ. Wrote the paper: LZ VM YI SO AD RL SR MG DL. MLST analysis: SO RL. Obtained clinical samples and clinical information: AD SR MG DL.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-11-25534
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038217
                PMC ID: 3364211
                PubMed ID: 22666490
                SO-VID: 4a203d57-ecfd-4493-a579-17f5c7166667
                Copyright © Ismail et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 19 December 2011
                Date accepted : 1 May 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Gram Negative
                Subject: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Host-Pathogen Interaction
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Pathogenesis
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Gastroenterology and Hepatology
                Subject: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Bacterial Diseases
                Subject: Campylobacter

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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