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      Asociación Parkinson-demencia y esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (complejo Guam). Reto diagnóstico, paciente mexicano Translated title: Parkinson-dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis association (complex of Guam). Diagnostic challenge, Mexican patient

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          Resumen

          Introducción:

          el complejo parkinsonismo-demencia-esclerosis lateral amiotrófica fue descrito por primera vez en las islas de Guam. Esta patología presentó su pico de incidencia en los años 50. Debido a la rareza de la asociación, informamos sobre un caso clínico que la presenta. El objetivo fue describir las implicaciones nosológicas y patogénicas de este trastorno neurodegenerativo, ya que no es frecuente encontrar esta asociación en nuestra población.

          Caso clínico:

          presentamos un caso de origen latinoamericano que inicialmente se manifestó con síntomas sistémicos de más de 6 años de evolución, con posteriores alteraciones cognitivas. Después presentó alteraciones de la marcha y síntomas motores sugestivos de parkinsonismo con datos atípicos y datos de enfermedad de motoneurona. Se hicieron estudios de extensión que confirmaron hallazgos compatibles con afectación en motoneurona superior e inferior. Observamos mutación en gen POLG, relacionada con síndrome de depleción mitocondrial.

          Conclusiones:

          a pesar del conocimiento de esta asociación, es una entidad cuyo diagnóstico clínico puede ser muy difícil de obtener. Además, no se han identificado del todo los mecanismos moleculares, se han excluido los genes más comunes relacionados con parkinsonismos y esclerosis lateral amiotrófica e incluso se intentó localizar el locus, sin lograr resultados certeros. Desafortunadamente al ser una enfermedad neurodegenerativa el pronóstico es fatal, sin que haya tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad.

          Abstract

          Background:

          The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex (ALS-PDC) was first described in the islands of Guam. This pathology presented its peak incidence in the 1950s. Due to the rarity of the association, we report a clinical case with this complex. The objective was to describe the nosological and pathogenic implications of these neurodegenerative disorder, since they are not frequent to find in our population.

          Clinical case:

          We present a case of Latinoamerican origin who initially manifested systemic symptoms of more than 6 years of evolution, with subsequent cognitive alterations. Later, patient began with gait disturbances and motor symptoms suggestive of parkinsonism with atypical data and data of motor neurone disease (MND). More studies were carried out and confirmed findings compatible with upper and lower motor neuron involvement. A mutation in the POLG gene was observed, related to mitochondrial depletion syndrome.

          Conclusions:

          Despite the knowledge of this association, it is an entity whose clinical diagnosis could be very difficult to achieve. In addition, molecular mechanisms have not been fully identified, the most common genes related to Parkinsonism and ALS have been excluded, and even attempts to locate the locus were made, without achieving accurate results. Unfortunately, being a neurodegenerative disease, the prognosis is fatal, with no disease-modifying treatment.

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          Most cited references25

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          MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease.

          This document presents the Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease (PD). The Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research but also may be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark for these criteria is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise in PD diagnosis. Although motor abnormalities remain central, increasing recognition has been given to nonmotor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core feature of the disease, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies on three categories of diagnostic features: absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of the PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: clinically established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity) and probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity). The Movement Disorder Society criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, the Movement Disorder Society criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances.
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            The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time.

            Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons, resulting in worsening weakness of voluntary muscles until death from respiratory failure occurs after about 3 years. Although great advances have been made in our understanding of the genetic causes of ALS, the contribution of environmental factors has been more difficult to assess. Large-scale studies of the clinical patterns of ALS, individual histories preceding the onset of ALS, and the rates of ALS in different populations and groups have led to improved patient care, but have not yet revealed a replicable, definitive environmental risk factor. In this Review, we outline what is currently known of the environmental and genetic epidemiology of ALS, describe the current state of the art with respect to the different types of ALS, and explore whether ALS should be considered a single disease or a syndrome. We examine the relationship between genetic and environmental risk factors, and propose a disease model in which ALS is considered to be the result of environmental risks and time acting on a pre-existing genetic load, followed by an automatic, self-perpetuating decline to death.
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              A revision of the El Escorial criteria - 2015.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc
                Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc
                Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc
                Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
                Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Ciudad de México, México )
                0443-5117
                2448-5667
                Sep-Oct 2023
                Sep-Oct 2023
                : 61
                : 5
                : 677-684
                Affiliations
                [1] originalInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez”, Servicio de Neurología. Ciudad de México, México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social México
                [2] originalPetróleos Mexicanos, Hospital Regional PEMEX Poza Rica, Servicio de Medicina Interna. Poza Rica, Veracruz, México orgnamePetróleos Mexicanos México
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-2564
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7470-4217
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5125-6343
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-507X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-1108
                Article
                10.5281/zenodo.8316479
                10599773
                37773166
                4b0d4974-6e27-4ebc-bfb0-949a668a9f36
                © 2023 Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

                Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.

                History
                : 11 December 2022
                : 13 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25
                Categories
                Casos Clínicos

                parkinsonismo,demencia,esclerosis lateral amiotrófica,enfermedades neurodegenerativas,parkinsonism,dementia,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,neurodegenerative diseases

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